Forex Pivot:
A pivot point is a price level of significance in technical analysis of a financial market that is used by traders as a predictive indicator of market movement. A pivot point is calculated as an average of significant prices (high, low, close) from the performance of a market in the prior trading period. If the market in the following period trades above the pivot point it is usually evaluated as a bullish sentiment, whereas trading below the pivot point is seen as bearish.
Monthly pivot point chart of the Dow Jones Industrials average for the first 8 months of 2009, showing sets of first and second levels of resistance (green) and support (red). The pivot point levels are highlighted in yellow. Trading below the pivot point, particularly at the beginning of a trading period sets a bearish market sentiment and often results in further price decline, while trading above it, bullish price action may continue for some time.
It is customary to calculate additional levels of support and resistance, below and above the pivot point, respectively, by subtracting or adding price differentials calculated from previous trading ranges of the market.
A pivot point and the associated support and resistance levels are often turning points for the direction of price movement in a market. In an up-trending market, the pivot point and the resistance levels may represent a ceiling level in price above which the uptrend is no longer sustainable and a reversal may occur. In a declining market, a pivot point and the support levels may represent a low price level of stability or a resistance to further decline
Calculation
Several methods exist for calculating the pivot point (P) of a market. Most commonly, it is the arithmetic average of the high (H), low (L), and closing (C) prices of the market in the prior trading period:
P = (H + L + C) / 3.
Sometimes, the average also includes the previous period's or the current period's opening price (O):
P = (O + H + L + C) / 4.
In other cases, traders like to emphasize the closing price, P = (H + L + C + C) / 4, or the current periods opening price, P = (H + L + O + O) / 4.
Support and resistance levels
Price support and resistance levels are key trading tools in any market. Their roles may be interchangeable, depending on whether the price level is approached in an up-trending or a down-trending market. These price levels may be derived from many market assumptions and conventions. In pivot point analysis, several levels, usually three, are commonly recognized below and above the pivot point. These are calculated from the range of price movement in the previous trading period, added to the pivot point for resistances and subtracted from it for support levels.
The first and most significant level of support (S1) and resistance (R1) is obtained by recognition of the upper and the lower halves of the prior trading range, defined by the trading above the pivot point (H - P), and below it (P - L). The first resistance on the up-side of the market is given by the lower width of prior trading added to the pivot point price and the first support on the down-side is the width of the upper part of the prior trading range below the pivot point.
* R1 = P + (P - L) = 2×P - L
* S1 = P - (H - P) = 2×P - H
Thus, these level may simply be calculated by subtracting the previous low (L) and high (H) price, respectively, from twice the pivot point value:[1]
The second set of resistance (R2) and support (S2) levels are above and below, respectively, the first set. They are simply determined from the full width of the prior trading range (H - L), added to and subtracted from the pivot point, respectively:
* R2 = P + (H - L)
* S2 = P - (H - L)
Commonly a third set is also calculated, again representing another higher resistance level (R3) and a yet lower support level (S3). The method of the second set is continued by doubling the range added and subtracted from the pivot point:
* R3 = P + 2×(H - L)
* S3 = P - 2×(H - L)
This concept is sometimes, albeit rarely, extended to a fourth set in which the tripled value of the trading range is used in the calculation.
Qualitatively, the second and higher support and resistance levels are always located symmetrically around the pivot point, whereas this is not the case for the first levels, unless the pivot point happens to divide the prior trading range exactly in half.
Monday, December 28, 2009
Forex Swap
Forex Swap:
In finance, a forex swap (or FX swap) is a simultaneous purchase and sale of identical amounts of one currency for another with two different value dates (normally spot to forward)
Structure
A forex swap consists of two legs:
* a spot foreign exchange transaction, and
* a forward foreign exchange transaction.
These two legs are executed simultaneously for the same quantity, and therefore offset each other.
It is also common to trade forward-forward, where both transactions are for (different) forward dates.
Uses
By far and away the most common use of FX swaps is for institutions to fund their foreign exchange balances.
Once a foreign exchange transaction settles, the holder is left with a positive (or long) position in one currency, and a negative (or short) position in another. In order to collect or pay any overnight interest due on these foreign balances, at the end of every day institutions will close out any foreign balances and re-institute them for the following day. To do this they typically use tom-next swaps, buying (selling) a foreign amount settling tomorrow, and selling (buying) it back settling the day after.
The interest collected or paid every night is referred to as the cost of carry. As currency traders know roughly how much holding a currency position will make or cost on a daily basis, specific trades are put on based on this; these are referred to as carry trades.
Pricing
The relationship between spot and forward is as follows:
F = S \left( \frac{1+r_1}{1+r_2}\right)^T
where:
* F = forward rate
* S = spot rate
* r1 = simple interest rate of the term currency
* r2 = simple interest rate of the base currency
* T = tenor (calculated according to the appropriate day count convention)
The forward points or swap points are quoted as the difference between forward and spot, F - S, and is expressed as the following:
F - S = S \left[ \left(\frac{1+r_1}{1+r_2}\right)^T -1 \right] \approx S \left( e^\left(\left(r_1 - r_2\right)T\right) - 1\right)
where r1 and r2 are small. Thus, the absolute value of the swap points increases when the interest rate differential gets larger, and vice versa.
In finance, a forex swap (or FX swap) is a simultaneous purchase and sale of identical amounts of one currency for another with two different value dates (normally spot to forward)
Structure
A forex swap consists of two legs:
* a spot foreign exchange transaction, and
* a forward foreign exchange transaction.
These two legs are executed simultaneously for the same quantity, and therefore offset each other.
It is also common to trade forward-forward, where both transactions are for (different) forward dates.
Uses
By far and away the most common use of FX swaps is for institutions to fund their foreign exchange balances.
Once a foreign exchange transaction settles, the holder is left with a positive (or long) position in one currency, and a negative (or short) position in another. In order to collect or pay any overnight interest due on these foreign balances, at the end of every day institutions will close out any foreign balances and re-institute them for the following day. To do this they typically use tom-next swaps, buying (selling) a foreign amount settling tomorrow, and selling (buying) it back settling the day after.
The interest collected or paid every night is referred to as the cost of carry. As currency traders know roughly how much holding a currency position will make or cost on a daily basis, specific trades are put on based on this; these are referred to as carry trades.
Pricing
The relationship between spot and forward is as follows:
F = S \left( \frac{1+r_1}{1+r_2}\right)^T
where:
* F = forward rate
* S = spot rate
* r1 = simple interest rate of the term currency
* r2 = simple interest rate of the base currency
* T = tenor (calculated according to the appropriate day count convention)
The forward points or swap points are quoted as the difference between forward and spot, F - S, and is expressed as the following:
F - S = S \left[ \left(\frac{1+r_1}{1+r_2}\right)^T -1 \right] \approx S \left( e^\left(\left(r_1 - r_2\right)T\right) - 1\right)
where r1 and r2 are small. Thus, the absolute value of the swap points increases when the interest rate differential gets larger, and vice versa.
Forex Scam
Forex Scam:
A forex (or foreign exchange) scam is any trading scheme used to defraud traders by convincing them that they can expect to gain a high profit by trading in the foreign exchange market. Currency trading "has become the fraud du jour" as of early 2008, according to Michael Dunn of the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission.[1] But "the market has long been plagued by swindlers preying on the gullible," according to the New York Times.[2] "The average individual foreign-exchange-trading victim loses about $15,000, according to CFTC records" according to The Wall Street Journal.[3] The North American Securities Administrators Association says that "off-exchange forex trading by retail investors is at best extremely risky, and at worst, outright fraud."[4]
"In a typical case, investors may be promised tens of thousands of dollars in profits in just a few weeks or months, with an initial investment of only $5,000. Often, the investor’s money is never actually placed in the market through a legitimate dealer, but simply diverted – stolen – for the personal benefit of the con artists."[5]
In August, 2008 the CFTC set up a special task force to deal with growing foreign exchange fraud.”[6]
The forex market is a zero-sum game,[7] meaning that whatever one trader gains, another loses, except that brokerage commissions and other transaction costs are subtracted from the results of all traders, technically making forex a "negative-sum" game.
These scams might include churning of customer accounts for the purpose of generating commissions, selling software that is supposed to guide the customer to large profits,[8] improperly managed "managed accounts",[9] false advertising,[10] Ponzi schemes and outright fraud.[4][11] It also refers to any retail forex broker who indicates that trading foreign exchange is a low risk, high profit investment.[12]
The U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), which loosely regulates the foreign exchange market in the United States, has noted an increase in the amount of unscrupulous activity in the non-bank foreign exchange industry.[13]
An official of the National Futures Association was quoted as saying, "Retail forex trading has increased dramatically over the past few years. Unfortunately, the amount of forex fraud has also increased dramatically."[14] Between 2001 and 2006 the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission has prosecuted more than 80 cases involving the defrauding of more than 23,000 customers who lost $350 million. From 2001 to 2007, about 26,000 people lost $460 million in forex frauds.[1] CNN quoted Godfried De Vidts, President of the Financial Markets Association, a European body, as saying, "Banks have a duty to protect their customers and they should make sure customers understand what they are doing. Now if people go online, on non-bank portals, how is this control being done?"
Not beating the market
The foreign exchange market is a zero sum game[7] in which there are many experienced well-capitalized professional traders (e.g. working for banks) who can devote their attention full time to trading. An inexperienced retail trader will have a significant information disadvantage compared to these traders.
Although it is possible for a few experts to successfully arbitrage the market for an unusually large return, this does not mean that a larger number could earn the same returns even given the same tools, techniques and data sources. This is because the arbitrages are essentially drawn from a pool of finite size; although information about how to capture arbitrages is a nonrival good, the arbritrages themselves are a rival good. (To draw an analogy, the total amount of buried treasure on an island is the same, regardless of how many treasure hunters have bought copies of the treasure map.)
Retail traders are - almost by definition - undercapitalized. Thus they are subject to the problem of gambler's ruin. In a fair game (one with no information advantages) between two players that continues until one trader goes bankrupt, the player with the lower amount of capital has a higher probability of going bankrupt first. Since the retail speculator is effectively playing against the market as a whole - which has nearly infinite capital - he will almost certainly go bankrupt.
The retail trader always pays the bid/ask spread which makes his odds of winning less than those of a fair game. Additional costs may include margin interest, or if a spot position is kept open for more than one day the trade may be "resettled" each day, each time costing the full bid/ask spread.
According to the Wall Street Journal (Currency Markets Draw Speculation, Fraud July 26, 2005) "Even people running the trading shops warn clients against trying to time the market. 'If 15% of day traders are profitable,' says Drew Niv, chief executive of FXCM, 'I'd be surprised.' "[15]
Paul Belogour, the Managing Director of a Boston based retail forex trader, was quoted by the Financial Times as saying, "Trading foreign exchange is an excellent way for investors to find out how tough the markets really are. But I say to customers: if this is money you have worked hard for – that you cannot afford to lose – never, never invest in foreign exchange." [16]
[edit] The use of high leverage
By offering high leverage, the market maker encourages traders to trade extremely large positions. This increases the trading volume cleared by the market maker and increases his profits, but increases the risk that the trader will receive a margin call. While professional currency dealers (banks, hedge funds) never use more than 10:1 leverage, retail clients are generally offered leverage between 50:1 and 200:1[2].
A self-regulating body for the foreign exchange market, the National Futures Association, warns traders in a forex training presentation of the risk in trading currency. “As stated at the beginning of this program, off-exchange foreign currency trading carries a high level of risk and may not be suitable for all customers. The only funds that should ever be used to speculate in foreign currency trading, or any type of highly speculative investment, are funds that represent risk capital; in other words, funds you can afford to lose without affecting your financial situation.“ [17]
A forex (or foreign exchange) scam is any trading scheme used to defraud traders by convincing them that they can expect to gain a high profit by trading in the foreign exchange market. Currency trading "has become the fraud du jour" as of early 2008, according to Michael Dunn of the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission.[1] But "the market has long been plagued by swindlers preying on the gullible," according to the New York Times.[2] "The average individual foreign-exchange-trading victim loses about $15,000, according to CFTC records" according to The Wall Street Journal.[3] The North American Securities Administrators Association says that "off-exchange forex trading by retail investors is at best extremely risky, and at worst, outright fraud."[4]
"In a typical case, investors may be promised tens of thousands of dollars in profits in just a few weeks or months, with an initial investment of only $5,000. Often, the investor’s money is never actually placed in the market through a legitimate dealer, but simply diverted – stolen – for the personal benefit of the con artists."[5]
In August, 2008 the CFTC set up a special task force to deal with growing foreign exchange fraud.”[6]
The forex market is a zero-sum game,[7] meaning that whatever one trader gains, another loses, except that brokerage commissions and other transaction costs are subtracted from the results of all traders, technically making forex a "negative-sum" game.
These scams might include churning of customer accounts for the purpose of generating commissions, selling software that is supposed to guide the customer to large profits,[8] improperly managed "managed accounts",[9] false advertising,[10] Ponzi schemes and outright fraud.[4][11] It also refers to any retail forex broker who indicates that trading foreign exchange is a low risk, high profit investment.[12]
The U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), which loosely regulates the foreign exchange market in the United States, has noted an increase in the amount of unscrupulous activity in the non-bank foreign exchange industry.[13]
An official of the National Futures Association was quoted as saying, "Retail forex trading has increased dramatically over the past few years. Unfortunately, the amount of forex fraud has also increased dramatically."[14] Between 2001 and 2006 the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission has prosecuted more than 80 cases involving the defrauding of more than 23,000 customers who lost $350 million. From 2001 to 2007, about 26,000 people lost $460 million in forex frauds.[1] CNN quoted Godfried De Vidts, President of the Financial Markets Association, a European body, as saying, "Banks have a duty to protect their customers and they should make sure customers understand what they are doing. Now if people go online, on non-bank portals, how is this control being done?"
Not beating the market
The foreign exchange market is a zero sum game[7] in which there are many experienced well-capitalized professional traders (e.g. working for banks) who can devote their attention full time to trading. An inexperienced retail trader will have a significant information disadvantage compared to these traders.
Although it is possible for a few experts to successfully arbitrage the market for an unusually large return, this does not mean that a larger number could earn the same returns even given the same tools, techniques and data sources. This is because the arbitrages are essentially drawn from a pool of finite size; although information about how to capture arbitrages is a nonrival good, the arbritrages themselves are a rival good. (To draw an analogy, the total amount of buried treasure on an island is the same, regardless of how many treasure hunters have bought copies of the treasure map.)
Retail traders are - almost by definition - undercapitalized. Thus they are subject to the problem of gambler's ruin. In a fair game (one with no information advantages) between two players that continues until one trader goes bankrupt, the player with the lower amount of capital has a higher probability of going bankrupt first. Since the retail speculator is effectively playing against the market as a whole - which has nearly infinite capital - he will almost certainly go bankrupt.
The retail trader always pays the bid/ask spread which makes his odds of winning less than those of a fair game. Additional costs may include margin interest, or if a spot position is kept open for more than one day the trade may be "resettled" each day, each time costing the full bid/ask spread.
According to the Wall Street Journal (Currency Markets Draw Speculation, Fraud July 26, 2005) "Even people running the trading shops warn clients against trying to time the market. 'If 15% of day traders are profitable,' says Drew Niv, chief executive of FXCM, 'I'd be surprised.' "[15]
Paul Belogour, the Managing Director of a Boston based retail forex trader, was quoted by the Financial Times as saying, "Trading foreign exchange is an excellent way for investors to find out how tough the markets really are. But I say to customers: if this is money you have worked hard for – that you cannot afford to lose – never, never invest in foreign exchange." [16]
[edit] The use of high leverage
By offering high leverage, the market maker encourages traders to trade extremely large positions. This increases the trading volume cleared by the market maker and increases his profits, but increases the risk that the trader will receive a margin call. While professional currency dealers (banks, hedge funds) never use more than 10:1 leverage, retail clients are generally offered leverage between 50:1 and 200:1[2].
A self-regulating body for the foreign exchange market, the National Futures Association, warns traders in a forex training presentation of the risk in trading currency. “As stated at the beginning of this program, off-exchange foreign currency trading carries a high level of risk and may not be suitable for all customers. The only funds that should ever be used to speculate in foreign currency trading, or any type of highly speculative investment, are funds that represent risk capital; in other words, funds you can afford to lose without affecting your financial situation.“ [17]
Forex Bank
forex Bank:
Forex AB is a Swedish financial services company. The company was started in 1927 as a currency exchange service for travellers, at the Central Station in Stockholm. The owner of Gyllenspet's Barber Shop, according to the legend, discovered that most of his customers were tourists in need of currency for their trips. The owner began keeping the major currencies on hand.
The company was subsequently acquired by Statens Järnvägar (now SJ AB), the Swedish State Railways, which expanded the operations until it was sold off to one of the managers, Rolf Friberg, in 1965. The company was the only one apart from the banks that was licensed to conduct currency exchange in Sweden.
The company, which is still wholly owned by the Friberg family, has expanded into Denmark, Finland, Norway and Iceland and has over 60 shops, usually located at train stations or airports. The decrease in the business brought on by introduction of the euro has made the company look for alternative sources of revenue, like applying for a banking licence and attempting to move into more regular transaction services, earlier handled by Svensk Kassaservice, a subsidiary of the state owned Swedish postal company, Posten.
Since 2003 Forex is a licensed bank.
Forex AB is a Swedish financial services company. The company was started in 1927 as a currency exchange service for travellers, at the Central Station in Stockholm. The owner of Gyllenspet's Barber Shop, according to the legend, discovered that most of his customers were tourists in need of currency for their trips. The owner began keeping the major currencies on hand.
The company was subsequently acquired by Statens Järnvägar (now SJ AB), the Swedish State Railways, which expanded the operations until it was sold off to one of the managers, Rolf Friberg, in 1965. The company was the only one apart from the banks that was licensed to conduct currency exchange in Sweden.
The company, which is still wholly owned by the Friberg family, has expanded into Denmark, Finland, Norway and Iceland and has over 60 shops, usually located at train stations or airports. The decrease in the business brought on by introduction of the euro has made the company look for alternative sources of revenue, like applying for a banking licence and attempting to move into more regular transaction services, earlier handled by Svensk Kassaservice, a subsidiary of the state owned Swedish postal company, Posten.
Since 2003 Forex is a licensed bank.
forex platform
forex platform:
Retail forex trading is a segment of the vast foreign exchange market. It has been speculated that it represents 5 percent of the whole forex market which amounts to $50-100 billion [1][2] in daily trading turnover. One thing is certain: The retail forex market is explosively growing and is increasingly becoming an powerful force in the broader FX marketplace. Due to the increasing tendency in the past years of the gradual shift from traditional intrabank 'paper' trading to the more advanced and accurate electronic trading, there has been spur in software development in this field. This change provided different types of trading platforms and tools intended for the use by banks, portfolio managers, retail brokers and retail traders.
One of the most important tools required to perform a forex transaction is the trading platform providing retail traders and brokers with accurate currency quotes.
[edit] History and new developments
Since 1996, when retail forex trading was first introduced, several brokers who lacked the sufficient tools developed their own trading platforms tailored specifically to their needs. The 1st retail FX brokers were MG Forex, The Matchbook FX ECN, GFT, CMC Markets, Saxo Bank (then known as Midas)and a handful of others. Most except CMC, Saxo & Matchbook FX were based on the ACT forex trading technology & GUI. These platforms were good enough at the time but required constant investments in R&D and this development cost too much. This was the first wave.
The second wave was in the early 2000s: several software companies entered the retail forex trading market by launching their own versions of trading platforms. Typically these versions were cumbersome for both front-end users (retail traders) and back-end users (retail brokers) due to the misunderstanding of the developers about the forex market and also because of the insufficient programming tools/languages at the time. Simultaneously most of the retail brokers kept using and developing their own systems as they waited for better platforms which were yet to be developed.
There are currently few to no brokers which were part of the first wave trading systems. By now most of the first wave brokers have either vanished, merged or progressed to the second wave trading platforms – the most common example of which is Metaquotes.
It is only in the last couple of years that the advanced trading platforms started to emerge. These platforms put much stronger emphasis on the user interface (GUI) making it more accessible to the retail traders while making trading on it very simple and intuitive. Moreover a very strong emphasis was put on the back-end which allowed the retail brokers better control over their operations, better reporting and accurate system and ways to manage marketing campaigns. Gradually this wave is replacing the previous second wave with a major shift now to the friendlier and more intuitive systems of the third wave which according to Aite Group are necessary in order to maintain growth [3].
Nowadays, banks have also jumped on the retail forex trading platform bandwagon and have started offering those services to individual traders and money mangers, expanding the forex trading appeal. DBFX and Citibank are some of the banks that are currently offering this service.
Retail forex trading is a segment of the vast foreign exchange market. It has been speculated that it represents 5 percent of the whole forex market which amounts to $50-100 billion [1][2] in daily trading turnover. One thing is certain: The retail forex market is explosively growing and is increasingly becoming an powerful force in the broader FX marketplace. Due to the increasing tendency in the past years of the gradual shift from traditional intrabank 'paper' trading to the more advanced and accurate electronic trading, there has been spur in software development in this field. This change provided different types of trading platforms and tools intended for the use by banks, portfolio managers, retail brokers and retail traders.
One of the most important tools required to perform a forex transaction is the trading platform providing retail traders and brokers with accurate currency quotes.
[edit] History and new developments
Since 1996, when retail forex trading was first introduced, several brokers who lacked the sufficient tools developed their own trading platforms tailored specifically to their needs. The 1st retail FX brokers were MG Forex, The Matchbook FX ECN, GFT, CMC Markets, Saxo Bank (then known as Midas)and a handful of others. Most except CMC, Saxo & Matchbook FX were based on the ACT forex trading technology & GUI. These platforms were good enough at the time but required constant investments in R&D and this development cost too much. This was the first wave.
The second wave was in the early 2000s: several software companies entered the retail forex trading market by launching their own versions of trading platforms. Typically these versions were cumbersome for both front-end users (retail traders) and back-end users (retail brokers) due to the misunderstanding of the developers about the forex market and also because of the insufficient programming tools/languages at the time. Simultaneously most of the retail brokers kept using and developing their own systems as they waited for better platforms which were yet to be developed.
There are currently few to no brokers which were part of the first wave trading systems. By now most of the first wave brokers have either vanished, merged or progressed to the second wave trading platforms – the most common example of which is Metaquotes.
It is only in the last couple of years that the advanced trading platforms started to emerge. These platforms put much stronger emphasis on the user interface (GUI) making it more accessible to the retail traders while making trading on it very simple and intuitive. Moreover a very strong emphasis was put on the back-end which allowed the retail brokers better control over their operations, better reporting and accurate system and ways to manage marketing campaigns. Gradually this wave is replacing the previous second wave with a major shift now to the friendlier and more intuitive systems of the third wave which according to Aite Group are necessary in order to maintain growth [3].
Nowadays, banks have also jumped on the retail forex trading platform bandwagon and have started offering those services to individual traders and money mangers, expanding the forex trading appeal. DBFX and Citibank are some of the banks that are currently offering this service.
Forex Dealer
Forex Dealer:
What is a forex dealer?
A forex dealer provides online trading services to allow individuals to speculate on rapidly changing foreign exchange rates. Forex Dealer Members (FDMs) are regulated by the CFTC and National Futures Association in the United States, as well as by national and local regulatory bodies where they conduct business, and are held to stringent business and ethical standards.
[edit] How does forex trading work?
Many U.S. and international companies provide online trading software and services for individuals (traders) who want to speculate on the exchange rate differences between two currencies. In doing so, these speculators buy or sell currencies with the objective of making a profit when the value of the currencies changes in their favor, whether those fluctuations derive from market news, supply and demand principles, or geo-political events taking place throughout the world. In addition, the forex market is available to trade 24 hours a day, 5.5 days a week, so customers can trade at nearly any time, not just when an exchange is open.
[edit] Popularity of forex trading
The growth of trading OTC foreign exchange (known as retail FX or retail forex trading) has nearly doubled from 2004 to 2007[1], and has been projected to continue well beyond 2010[2]. Industry innovation, competition and consumer demand helped spur this growth.
The public has recognized U.S. forex companies as leaders in technology, with three of the leading forex firms named to the Deloitte Technology Fast 500[3], a ranking of the top North American technology companies, for three consecutive years. The leading U.S. forex companies have also been named to the Inc. 500 list of the country’s fastest growing companies. In 2006, the top FX companies made up nearly 20 percent of the total number of financial services industry firms on the Inc. 500 list[4]. As indicated by these rankings, the popularity of this growing market with active traders has helped to make foreign exchange one of the fastest growing industries in the United States.
[edit] A legacy of innovation and entrepreneurship
In the late 1990s, a group of American entrepreneurs saw the future of trading. Over-the-counter (or “off exchange”) foreign exchange trading was generating significant profits for large banks and corporations and, likewise, it lured individual traders who were increasingly becoming interested in participating in this large, but seemingly closed, market.
However, individuals with relatively small capital and no access to proprietary bank-to-bank computer systems were only able to trade currencies as futures through two exchanges. There was no method for traders to participate in the over-the-counter (OTC) forex market. The rapid pace of the currency market made it very difficult to trade on exchange, as most exchanges still traded currencies in the pit – an age-old system requiring multiple interactions to place a single trade. In addition, there were only a handful of currency markets available to trade, with inconsistent pricing and trading volumes. The pricing spreads fluctuated to widen significantly during times of increased market volatility, and market liquidity was not sufficient for overnight trading.
Meanwhile, Internet technologies were making rapid advances, and small upstarts recognized that these new technologies could solve the service delays and other problems faced when trading currencies with exchanges. These entrepreneurs became forex dealers who saw the Internet as an ideal avenue to provide customers with what they needed – instant and efficient access to the rapidly moving currency markets.
Acceptance among investors
The retail forex trading community provides a service that the global banking community cannot. Since forex dealers were originally intended to serve individual traders, they can provide around-the-clock service while managing risk to give customers consistent pricing and market liquidity, 24 hours a day. This is something that even the largest banks cannot provide 24 hours a day: to constantly deliver competitive prices day or night to individual traders.
These small forex dealer startups have evolved into major global financial institutions, yet their commitment to innovation and customer service allows everyday citizens to access the world’s prime market, all because of the emergence of online technologies and the determination of a few dedicated leaders.
What is a forex dealer?
A forex dealer provides online trading services to allow individuals to speculate on rapidly changing foreign exchange rates. Forex Dealer Members (FDMs) are regulated by the CFTC and National Futures Association in the United States, as well as by national and local regulatory bodies where they conduct business, and are held to stringent business and ethical standards.
[edit] How does forex trading work?
Many U.S. and international companies provide online trading software and services for individuals (traders) who want to speculate on the exchange rate differences between two currencies. In doing so, these speculators buy or sell currencies with the objective of making a profit when the value of the currencies changes in their favor, whether those fluctuations derive from market news, supply and demand principles, or geo-political events taking place throughout the world. In addition, the forex market is available to trade 24 hours a day, 5.5 days a week, so customers can trade at nearly any time, not just when an exchange is open.
[edit] Popularity of forex trading
The growth of trading OTC foreign exchange (known as retail FX or retail forex trading) has nearly doubled from 2004 to 2007[1], and has been projected to continue well beyond 2010[2]. Industry innovation, competition and consumer demand helped spur this growth.
The public has recognized U.S. forex companies as leaders in technology, with three of the leading forex firms named to the Deloitte Technology Fast 500[3], a ranking of the top North American technology companies, for three consecutive years. The leading U.S. forex companies have also been named to the Inc. 500 list of the country’s fastest growing companies. In 2006, the top FX companies made up nearly 20 percent of the total number of financial services industry firms on the Inc. 500 list[4]. As indicated by these rankings, the popularity of this growing market with active traders has helped to make foreign exchange one of the fastest growing industries in the United States.
[edit] A legacy of innovation and entrepreneurship
In the late 1990s, a group of American entrepreneurs saw the future of trading. Over-the-counter (or “off exchange”) foreign exchange trading was generating significant profits for large banks and corporations and, likewise, it lured individual traders who were increasingly becoming interested in participating in this large, but seemingly closed, market.
However, individuals with relatively small capital and no access to proprietary bank-to-bank computer systems were only able to trade currencies as futures through two exchanges. There was no method for traders to participate in the over-the-counter (OTC) forex market. The rapid pace of the currency market made it very difficult to trade on exchange, as most exchanges still traded currencies in the pit – an age-old system requiring multiple interactions to place a single trade. In addition, there were only a handful of currency markets available to trade, with inconsistent pricing and trading volumes. The pricing spreads fluctuated to widen significantly during times of increased market volatility, and market liquidity was not sufficient for overnight trading.
Meanwhile, Internet technologies were making rapid advances, and small upstarts recognized that these new technologies could solve the service delays and other problems faced when trading currencies with exchanges. These entrepreneurs became forex dealers who saw the Internet as an ideal avenue to provide customers with what they needed – instant and efficient access to the rapidly moving currency markets.
Acceptance among investors
The retail forex trading community provides a service that the global banking community cannot. Since forex dealers were originally intended to serve individual traders, they can provide around-the-clock service while managing risk to give customers consistent pricing and market liquidity, 24 hours a day. This is something that even the largest banks cannot provide 24 hours a day: to constantly deliver competitive prices day or night to individual traders.
These small forex dealer startups have evolved into major global financial institutions, yet their commitment to innovation and customer service allows everyday citizens to access the world’s prime market, all because of the emergence of online technologies and the determination of a few dedicated leaders.
Forex Rates
Forex rates:
The following theories explain the fluctuations in FX rates in a floating exchange rate regime (In a fixed exchange rate regime, FX rates are decided by its government):
(a) International parity conditions: Relative Purchasing Power Parity, interest rate parity, Domestic Fisher effect, International Fisher effect. Though to some extent the above theories provide logical explanation for the fluctuations in exchange rates, yet these theories falter as they are based on challengeable assumptions [e.g., free flow of goods, services and capital] which seldom hold true in the real world.
(b) Balance of payments model (see exchange rate): This model, however, focuses largely on tradable goods and services, ignoring the increasing role of global capital flows. It failed to provide any explanation for continuous appreciation of dollar during 1980s and most part of 1990s in face of soaring US current account deficit.
(c) Asset market model (see exchange rate): views currencies as an important asset class for constructing investment portfolios. Assets prices are influenced mostly by people’s willingness to hold the existing quantities of assets, which in turn depends on their expectations on the future worth of these assets. The asset market model of exchange rate determination states that “the exchange rate between two currencies represents the price that just balances the relative supplies of, and demand for, assets denominated in those currencies.”
None of the models developed so far succeed to explain FX rates levels and volatility in the longer time frames. For shorter time frames (less than a few days) algorithm can be devised to predict prices. Large and small institutions and professional individual traders have made consistent profits from it. It is understood from above models that many macroeconomic factors affect the exchange rates and in the end currency prices are a result of dual forces of demand and supply. The world's currency markets can be viewed as a huge melting pot: in a large and ever-changing mix of current events, supply and demand factors are constantly shifting, and the price of one currency in relation to another shifts accordingly. No other market encompasses (and distills) as much of what is going on in the world at any given time as foreign exchange.
Supply and demand for any given currency, and thus its value, are not influenced by any single element, but rather by several. These elements generally fall into three categories: economic factors, political conditions and market psychology.
Market psychology and trader perceptions influence the foreign exchange market in a variety of ways:
* Flights to quality: Unsettling international events can lead to a "flight to quality," with investors seeking a "safe haven." There will be a greater demand, thus a higher price, for currencies perceived as stronger over their relatively weaker counterparts. The Swiss franc and gold have been traditional safe havens during times of political or economic uncertainty.[11]
* Long-term trends: Currency markets often move in visible long-term trends. Although currencies do not have an annual growing season like physical commodities, business cycles do make themselves felt. Cycle analysis looks at longer-term price trends that may rise from economic or political trends.[12]
* "Buy the rumor, sell the fact": This market truism can apply to many currency situations. It is the tendency for the price of a currency to reflect the impact of a particular action before it occurs and, when the anticipated event comes to pass, react in exactly the opposite direction. This may also be referred to as a market being "oversold" or "overbought".[13] To buy the rumor or sell the fact can also be an example of the cognitive bias known as anchoring, when investors focus too much on the relevance of outside events to currency prices.
* Economic numbers: While economic numbers can certainly reflect economic policy, some reports and numbers take on a talisman-like effect: the number itself becomes important to market psychology and may have an immediate impact on short-term market moves. "What to watch" can change over time. In recent years, for example, money supply, employment, trade balance figures and inflation numbers have all taken turns in the spotlight.
* Technical trading considerations: As in other markets, the accumulated price movements in a currency pair such as EUR/USD can form apparent patterns that traders may attempt to use. Many traders study price charts in order to identify such patterns.[14]
The following theories explain the fluctuations in FX rates in a floating exchange rate regime (In a fixed exchange rate regime, FX rates are decided by its government):
(a) International parity conditions: Relative Purchasing Power Parity, interest rate parity, Domestic Fisher effect, International Fisher effect. Though to some extent the above theories provide logical explanation for the fluctuations in exchange rates, yet these theories falter as they are based on challengeable assumptions [e.g., free flow of goods, services and capital] which seldom hold true in the real world.
(b) Balance of payments model (see exchange rate): This model, however, focuses largely on tradable goods and services, ignoring the increasing role of global capital flows. It failed to provide any explanation for continuous appreciation of dollar during 1980s and most part of 1990s in face of soaring US current account deficit.
(c) Asset market model (see exchange rate): views currencies as an important asset class for constructing investment portfolios. Assets prices are influenced mostly by people’s willingness to hold the existing quantities of assets, which in turn depends on their expectations on the future worth of these assets. The asset market model of exchange rate determination states that “the exchange rate between two currencies represents the price that just balances the relative supplies of, and demand for, assets denominated in those currencies.”
None of the models developed so far succeed to explain FX rates levels and volatility in the longer time frames. For shorter time frames (less than a few days) algorithm can be devised to predict prices. Large and small institutions and professional individual traders have made consistent profits from it. It is understood from above models that many macroeconomic factors affect the exchange rates and in the end currency prices are a result of dual forces of demand and supply. The world's currency markets can be viewed as a huge melting pot: in a large and ever-changing mix of current events, supply and demand factors are constantly shifting, and the price of one currency in relation to another shifts accordingly. No other market encompasses (and distills) as much of what is going on in the world at any given time as foreign exchange.
Supply and demand for any given currency, and thus its value, are not influenced by any single element, but rather by several. These elements generally fall into three categories: economic factors, political conditions and market psychology.
Market psychology and trader perceptions influence the foreign exchange market in a variety of ways:
* Flights to quality: Unsettling international events can lead to a "flight to quality," with investors seeking a "safe haven." There will be a greater demand, thus a higher price, for currencies perceived as stronger over their relatively weaker counterparts. The Swiss franc and gold have been traditional safe havens during times of political or economic uncertainty.[11]
* Long-term trends: Currency markets often move in visible long-term trends. Although currencies do not have an annual growing season like physical commodities, business cycles do make themselves felt. Cycle analysis looks at longer-term price trends that may rise from economic or political trends.[12]
* "Buy the rumor, sell the fact": This market truism can apply to many currency situations. It is the tendency for the price of a currency to reflect the impact of a particular action before it occurs and, when the anticipated event comes to pass, react in exactly the opposite direction. This may also be referred to as a market being "oversold" or "overbought".[13] To buy the rumor or sell the fact can also be an example of the cognitive bias known as anchoring, when investors focus too much on the relevance of outside events to currency prices.
* Economic numbers: While economic numbers can certainly reflect economic policy, some reports and numbers take on a talisman-like effect: the number itself becomes important to market psychology and may have an immediate impact on short-term market moves. "What to watch" can change over time. In recent years, for example, money supply, employment, trade balance figures and inflation numbers have all taken turns in the spotlight.
* Technical trading considerations: As in other markets, the accumulated price movements in a currency pair such as EUR/USD can form apparent patterns that traders may attempt to use. Many traders study price charts in order to identify such patterns.[14]
Forex Exchange Rate
Forex Exchange Market:
The foreign exchange market (forex, FX, or currency market) is a worldwide decentralized over-the-counter financial market for the trading of currencies. Financial centers around the world function as anchors of trading between a wide range of different types of buyers and sellers around the clock, with the exception of weekends.
The purpose of the foreign exchange market is to assist international trade and investment. The foreign exchange market allows businesses to convert one currency to another. For example, it permits a U.S. business to import European goods and pay Euros, even though the business's income is in U.S. dollars.
In a typical foreign exchange transaction a party purchases a quantity of one currency by paying a quantity of another currency. The modern foreign exchange market started forming during the 1970s when countries gradually switched to floating exchange rates from the previous exchange rate regime, which remained fixed as per the Bretton Woods system.
The foreign exchange market is unique because of
* trading volume resulting in market liquidity
* geographical dispersion
* continuous operation: 24 hours a day except weekends, i.e. trading from 20:15 UTC on Sunday until 22:00 UTC Friday
* the variety of factors that affect exchange rates
* the low margins of relative profit compared with other markets of fixed income
* the use of leverage to enhance profit margins with respect to account size
As such, it has been referred to as the market closest to the ideal perfect competition, notwithstanding market manipulation by central banks.[citation needed] According to the Bank for International Settlements,[1] average daily turnover in global foreign exchange markets is estimated at $3.98 trillion.[when?] Trading in the world's main financial markets accounted for $3.21 trillion of this. This approximately $3.21 trillion in main foreign exchange market turnover was broken down as follows:
* $1.005 trillion in spot transactions
* $362 billion in outright forwards
* $1.714 trillion in foreign exchange swaps
* $129 billion estimated gaps in reporting
Retail foreign exchange brokers
Retail traders (individuals) constitute a growing segment of this market, both in size and importance. Currently, they participate indirectly through brokers or banks. Retail brokers, while largely controlled and regulated in the USA by the CFTC and NFA have in the past been subjected to periodic foreign exchange scams.[7][8] To deal with the issue, the NFA and CFTC began (as of 2009) imposing stricter requirements, particularly in relation to the amount of Net Capitalization required of its members. As a result many of the smaller, and perhaps questionable brokers are now gone.
There are two main types of retail FX brokers offering the opportunity for speculative currency trading: brokersand dealers or market makers. Brokers serve a an agent of the customer in the broader FX market, by seeking the best price in the market for a retail order and dealing on behalf of the retail customer. They charge a commission or mark-up in addition to the price obtained in the market. Dealers or market makers, by contrast, typically act as principal in the transaction versus the retail customer, and quote a price they are willing to deal at—the customer has the choice whether or not to trade at that price.
In assessing the suitability of a FX trading services, the customer should consider the ramifications of whether the service provider is acting as principal or agent. When the service provider acts as agent, the customer is generally assured of a known cost above the best inter-dealer FX rate. When the service provider acts as principal, no commission is paid, but the price offered may not be the best available in the market—since the service provider is taking the other side of the transaction, a conflict of interest may occur.
[edit] Non-bank foreign exchange companies
Non-bank foreign exchange companies offer currency exchange and international payments to private individuals and companies. These are also known as foreign exchange brokers but are distinct in that they do not offer speculative trading but currency exchange with payments. I.e., there is usually a physical delivery of currency to a bank account. Send Money Home offer an in-depth comparison into the services offered by all the major non-bank foreign exchange companies.
It is estimated that in the UK, 14% of currency transfers/payments[9] are made via Foreign Exchange Companies.[10] These companies' selling point is usually that they will offer better exchange rates or cheaper payments than the customer's bank. These companies differ from Money Transfer/Remittance Companies in that they generally offer higher-value services.
[edit] Money transfer/remittance companies
Money transfer companies/remittance companies perform high-volume low-value transfers generally by economic migrants back to their home country. In 2007, the Aite Group estimated that there were $369 billion of remittances (an increase of 8% on the previous year). The four largest markets (India, China, Mexico and the Philippines) receive $95 billion. The largest and best known provider is Western Union with 345,000 agents globally followed by UAE Exchange Financial Service Ltd
Send Money Home is an international money transfer price comparison site that allows consumers access to a range of alternative products and rates available when remitting (transferring) money worldwide.
The foreign exchange market (forex, FX, or currency market) is a worldwide decentralized over-the-counter financial market for the trading of currencies. Financial centers around the world function as anchors of trading between a wide range of different types of buyers and sellers around the clock, with the exception of weekends.
The purpose of the foreign exchange market is to assist international trade and investment. The foreign exchange market allows businesses to convert one currency to another. For example, it permits a U.S. business to import European goods and pay Euros, even though the business's income is in U.S. dollars.
In a typical foreign exchange transaction a party purchases a quantity of one currency by paying a quantity of another currency. The modern foreign exchange market started forming during the 1970s when countries gradually switched to floating exchange rates from the previous exchange rate regime, which remained fixed as per the Bretton Woods system.
The foreign exchange market is unique because of
* trading volume resulting in market liquidity
* geographical dispersion
* continuous operation: 24 hours a day except weekends, i.e. trading from 20:15 UTC on Sunday until 22:00 UTC Friday
* the variety of factors that affect exchange rates
* the low margins of relative profit compared with other markets of fixed income
* the use of leverage to enhance profit margins with respect to account size
As such, it has been referred to as the market closest to the ideal perfect competition, notwithstanding market manipulation by central banks.[citation needed] According to the Bank for International Settlements,[1] average daily turnover in global foreign exchange markets is estimated at $3.98 trillion.[when?] Trading in the world's main financial markets accounted for $3.21 trillion of this. This approximately $3.21 trillion in main foreign exchange market turnover was broken down as follows:
* $1.005 trillion in spot transactions
* $362 billion in outright forwards
* $1.714 trillion in foreign exchange swaps
* $129 billion estimated gaps in reporting
Retail foreign exchange brokers
Retail traders (individuals) constitute a growing segment of this market, both in size and importance. Currently, they participate indirectly through brokers or banks. Retail brokers, while largely controlled and regulated in the USA by the CFTC and NFA have in the past been subjected to periodic foreign exchange scams.[7][8] To deal with the issue, the NFA and CFTC began (as of 2009) imposing stricter requirements, particularly in relation to the amount of Net Capitalization required of its members. As a result many of the smaller, and perhaps questionable brokers are now gone.
There are two main types of retail FX brokers offering the opportunity for speculative currency trading: brokersand dealers or market makers. Brokers serve a an agent of the customer in the broader FX market, by seeking the best price in the market for a retail order and dealing on behalf of the retail customer. They charge a commission or mark-up in addition to the price obtained in the market. Dealers or market makers, by contrast, typically act as principal in the transaction versus the retail customer, and quote a price they are willing to deal at—the customer has the choice whether or not to trade at that price.
In assessing the suitability of a FX trading services, the customer should consider the ramifications of whether the service provider is acting as principal or agent. When the service provider acts as agent, the customer is generally assured of a known cost above the best inter-dealer FX rate. When the service provider acts as principal, no commission is paid, but the price offered may not be the best available in the market—since the service provider is taking the other side of the transaction, a conflict of interest may occur.
[edit] Non-bank foreign exchange companies
Non-bank foreign exchange companies offer currency exchange and international payments to private individuals and companies. These are also known as foreign exchange brokers but are distinct in that they do not offer speculative trading but currency exchange with payments. I.e., there is usually a physical delivery of currency to a bank account. Send Money Home offer an in-depth comparison into the services offered by all the major non-bank foreign exchange companies.
It is estimated that in the UK, 14% of currency transfers/payments[9] are made via Foreign Exchange Companies.[10] These companies' selling point is usually that they will offer better exchange rates or cheaper payments than the customer's bank. These companies differ from Money Transfer/Remittance Companies in that they generally offer higher-value services.
[edit] Money transfer/remittance companies
Money transfer companies/remittance companies perform high-volume low-value transfers generally by economic migrants back to their home country. In 2007, the Aite Group estimated that there were $369 billion of remittances (an increase of 8% on the previous year). The four largest markets (India, China, Mexico and the Philippines) receive $95 billion. The largest and best known provider is Western Union with 345,000 agents globally followed by UAE Exchange Financial Service Ltd
Send Money Home is an international money transfer price comparison site that allows consumers access to a range of alternative products and rates available when remitting (transferring) money worldwide.
About Forex
forex ;
The foreign exchange market or better known as FOREX is when one currency is traded for another country’s currency. It is an alternative form of business where the goods to be bought and sold are money itself using money.
In the past, people would normally engage in stocks and pool their savings in the money market to build up their investment portfolio.
Nowadays, with more than 1.5 trillion USD of FOREX being exchanged on a daily basis, even the “small-time” investor can participate in the FOREX market. There is leverage in the FOREX market where a minimum amount of currency can have access to a large deal of money.
A lot more advantages to study and dive into FOREX trading include the following:
Why FOREX?
24-hour trading
Compared to stocks, FOREX trading is twenty-fours. A FOREX trader can trade right away once they spot an opportunity to buy low and sell high. Remember, money has time value. And a lot of factors in the economics and politics of a government affect how low a currency will drop or how high a currency will gain. It is fairly easy to say buy low and sell high. But the trick is to know when to do it. With twenty-four trading, the FOREX trader has the ultimate advantage already. Since, after all, time is money.
High liquidity
A market or business is considered very liquid if the assets involved can enable the person to directly meet his payment obligations. In other words, if cash is at hand—immediately. What is a more liquid market than the FOREX market?
FOREX has high liquidity, because it can be traded swiftly, without considerable loss of value, and anytime within the trading hours or in FOREX trading’s case—24/7.
No commission
FOREX trading need not have brokers in between to facilitate. With other forms of money market ventures and stock trading, brokers come in handy; because they are able to handle varied forms of portfolios and company stocks for the investor. Even if FOREX trading is involved with multiple currencies, it is a very direct business where the trader himself can act on his own; thus no commissions are leaked out and all profits are kept!
Steady market availability
In all businesses, businessmen strive for a steady market, if not an increasing one. Why spend time in a trading scene when it is short-term?
Because FOREX trading is all about the buying and selling of currencies, it is a continuously moving market. Money make the world go round, as the cliché goes.
The market will always be there. The trader only has to be aware of the rising and falling of the currencies. When is the currency starting to be weak? When is it going strong? Is there a trend?
Taking action
This benefits and advantages all the more make FOREX trading a very attractive business venture. For first time FOREX traders, why not inquire now at your home bank on how to start making your money work for you? FOREX trading is the way to go.
The foreign exchange market or better known as FOREX is when one currency is traded for another country’s currency. It is an alternative form of business where the goods to be bought and sold are money itself using money.
In the past, people would normally engage in stocks and pool their savings in the money market to build up their investment portfolio.
Nowadays, with more than 1.5 trillion USD of FOREX being exchanged on a daily basis, even the “small-time” investor can participate in the FOREX market. There is leverage in the FOREX market where a minimum amount of currency can have access to a large deal of money.
A lot more advantages to study and dive into FOREX trading include the following:
Why FOREX?
24-hour trading
Compared to stocks, FOREX trading is twenty-fours. A FOREX trader can trade right away once they spot an opportunity to buy low and sell high. Remember, money has time value. And a lot of factors in the economics and politics of a government affect how low a currency will drop or how high a currency will gain. It is fairly easy to say buy low and sell high. But the trick is to know when to do it. With twenty-four trading, the FOREX trader has the ultimate advantage already. Since, after all, time is money.
High liquidity
A market or business is considered very liquid if the assets involved can enable the person to directly meet his payment obligations. In other words, if cash is at hand—immediately. What is a more liquid market than the FOREX market?
FOREX has high liquidity, because it can be traded swiftly, without considerable loss of value, and anytime within the trading hours or in FOREX trading’s case—24/7.
No commission
FOREX trading need not have brokers in between to facilitate. With other forms of money market ventures and stock trading, brokers come in handy; because they are able to handle varied forms of portfolios and company stocks for the investor. Even if FOREX trading is involved with multiple currencies, it is a very direct business where the trader himself can act on his own; thus no commissions are leaked out and all profits are kept!
Steady market availability
In all businesses, businessmen strive for a steady market, if not an increasing one. Why spend time in a trading scene when it is short-term?
Because FOREX trading is all about the buying and selling of currencies, it is a continuously moving market. Money make the world go round, as the cliché goes.
The market will always be there. The trader only has to be aware of the rising and falling of the currencies. When is the currency starting to be weak? When is it going strong? Is there a trend?
Taking action
This benefits and advantages all the more make FOREX trading a very attractive business venture. For first time FOREX traders, why not inquire now at your home bank on how to start making your money work for you? FOREX trading is the way to go.
forex 1
How did the taipans and billionaires get so filthy rich?!
The more obvious hard work and diligence and always saving little by little in their piggy banks, the really rich guys know how to work up the foreign exchange.
Basically, foreign exchange trading or simply FOREX trading is just the buying and selling of the world’s currencies. Money today is not the same as money tomorrow. Money has time value. The worth of a currency can go up or down.
There is one secret that FOREX traders live by. And it is buy low, sell high. Don’t ever forget that rule.
However, the trick is to know when to buy and when to sell. In FOREX trading, everything is by speculation. Sure, there are graphs to aid decisions. Business pages also give out strategies for the day. But the next step is always a guess based from the previous actions.
FOREX traders like to call their speculations as smart guesses. Usually, patterns on the currency values can be derived from how the politics of a specific country is running.
For example, if there is a plan to oust the president, most probably the value of that country’s currency will go down—how low, we don’t know. Usually. Because there are still a lot of factors to consider why a currency is going strong or not.
Improvement on the tourism sector can mean more foreign investments. This will be good for a particular currency, but this may affect how the other countries are doing.
These are just trade scenarios. As the cliché goes, one man’s medicine may be another man’s poison. One country’s good tidings may be another country’s, well, downfall.
That is why in FOREX trading, another secret to live by is to be aware of the national news in the country concerned.
Current events have a say on the economics of a country. Money makes the world go round, so to speak.
But, if one is truly serious in earning their first million in FOREX trading, another secret is—it might be a good idea to invest in a FOREX trading training school. Learn from the pros and conquer the world afterwards.
Let me leave you one last secret I learned from my father. If everyone is going in this direction, go the other way. This applies to FOREX and other areas of life. You won’t ever get rich by following the crowd.
Besides buying low and selling high, follow that last secret and you might just join the ranks of the taipans and billionaires.
The more obvious hard work and diligence and always saving little by little in their piggy banks, the really rich guys know how to work up the foreign exchange.
Basically, foreign exchange trading or simply FOREX trading is just the buying and selling of the world’s currencies. Money today is not the same as money tomorrow. Money has time value. The worth of a currency can go up or down.
There is one secret that FOREX traders live by. And it is buy low, sell high. Don’t ever forget that rule.
However, the trick is to know when to buy and when to sell. In FOREX trading, everything is by speculation. Sure, there are graphs to aid decisions. Business pages also give out strategies for the day. But the next step is always a guess based from the previous actions.
FOREX traders like to call their speculations as smart guesses. Usually, patterns on the currency values can be derived from how the politics of a specific country is running.
For example, if there is a plan to oust the president, most probably the value of that country’s currency will go down—how low, we don’t know. Usually. Because there are still a lot of factors to consider why a currency is going strong or not.
Improvement on the tourism sector can mean more foreign investments. This will be good for a particular currency, but this may affect how the other countries are doing.
These are just trade scenarios. As the cliché goes, one man’s medicine may be another man’s poison. One country’s good tidings may be another country’s, well, downfall.
That is why in FOREX trading, another secret to live by is to be aware of the national news in the country concerned.
Current events have a say on the economics of a country. Money makes the world go round, so to speak.
But, if one is truly serious in earning their first million in FOREX trading, another secret is—it might be a good idea to invest in a FOREX trading training school. Learn from the pros and conquer the world afterwards.
Let me leave you one last secret I learned from my father. If everyone is going in this direction, go the other way. This applies to FOREX and other areas of life. You won’t ever get rich by following the crowd.
Besides buying low and selling high, follow that last secret and you might just join the ranks of the taipans and billionaires.
Monday, December 14, 2009
Debt relief
debt relief
Debt relief is the partial or total forgiveness of debt, or the slowing or stopping of debt growth, owed by individuals, corporations, or nations. It concerns in particular the Third World debt, which started exploding with the Latin American debt crisis (Mexico 1982, etc.).
Debt relief for heavily indebted and underdeveloped developing countries was the subject in the 1990s of a campaign by a broad coalition of development NGOs, Christian organizations and others, under the banner of Jubilee 2000. This campaign, involving, for example, demonstrations at the 1998 G8 meeting in Birmingham, was successful in pushing debt relief onto the agenda of Western governments and international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund and World Bank. Ultimately the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative was launched to provide systematic debt relief for the poorest countries, whilst trying to ensure the money would be spent on poverty reduction.
The HIPC programme has been subject to conditionalities similar to those often attached to IMF and World Bank loans, requiring structural adjustment reforms, sometimes including the privatisation of public utilities, including water and electricity. To qualify for irrevocable debt relief, countries must also maintain macroeconomic stability and implement a Poverty Reduction Strategy satisfactorily for at least one year. Under the goal of reducing inflation, some countries have been pressured to reduce spending in the health and education sectors.
The Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) is an extension of HIPC. The MDRI was agreed following the G8's Gleneagles meeting in July 2005. It offers 100% cancellation of multilateral debts owed by HIPC countries to the World Bank, IMF and African Development Bank.
Origins
Debt relief existed in a number of ancient societies:
* Debt forgiveness is mentioned in the Book of Leviticus, in which God councils Moses to forgive debts in certain cases every Jubilee year – at the end of Shmita, the last year of the seven year agricultural cycle or a 49-year cycle, depending on interpretation.
* This same theme was found in an ancient bilingual Hittite-Hurrian text entitled the "The Song of Debt Release".[1]
* Debt forgiveness was also found in Ancient Athens, where in the 6th century BCE, the lawmaker Solon instituted a set of laws called seisachtheia, which canceled all debts and retroactively canceled previous debts that had caused slavery and serfdom, freeing debt slaves and debt serfs.
Arguments against debt relief
Opponents of debt relief argue that it is a blank cheque to governments, and fear savings will not reach the poor in countries plagued by corruption. Others argue that countries will go out and contract further debts, under the belief that these debts will also be forgiven in some future date. They use the money to enhance the wealth and spending ability of the rich, many of whom will spend or invest this money in the rich countries, thus not even creating a trickle-down effect. They argue that the money would be far better spent in specific aid projects which actually help the poor. They further argue that it would be unfair to third-world countries that managed their credit successfully, or don't go into debt in the first place, that is, it actively encourages third world governments to overspend in order to receive debt relief in the future. Others argue against the conditionalities attached to debt relief. These conditions of structural adjustment have a history, especially in Latin America, of widening the gap between the rich and the poor, as well as increasing economic dependence on the global North.
Personal debt relief
Personal debt has become an increasingly large problem in recent years. For instance, it is estimated that the average US household has $19,000 in non-mortgage debt. With such large debt loads, many individuals have difficulty making repayments on debts and are in need of help.
There are many companies who offer debt consolidation services. However, such services may not always be in the best interests of the person involved and may involve taking out a loan secured by a person's home. Marketing materials are designed to persuade customers to take up the company's offer rather than offering a personal best solution for reducing debt. Where debt has become a problem, it is often best to turn to an independent consumer's association for advice before calling debt consolidation companies as consumer's associations often have great experience with such problems and may be able to advise the most effective avenues for debt relief.
As long as some form of Chapter 7 bankruptcy debt relief exists within American law, the credit card companies must pay attention, and do as much as they can to help their clients repay debts through relatively traditional means (depending upon the service those clients have entered). Even leaving bankruptcy aside, it is in the best interest of credit card companies that their debtors at least feel some motivation to continue repaying their accounts and not simply disappear or view those ever growing balances as untouchable.
Debt relief is the partial or total forgiveness of debt, or the slowing or stopping of debt growth, owed by individuals, corporations, or nations. It concerns in particular the Third World debt, which started exploding with the Latin American debt crisis (Mexico 1982, etc.).
Debt relief for heavily indebted and underdeveloped developing countries was the subject in the 1990s of a campaign by a broad coalition of development NGOs, Christian organizations and others, under the banner of Jubilee 2000. This campaign, involving, for example, demonstrations at the 1998 G8 meeting in Birmingham, was successful in pushing debt relief onto the agenda of Western governments and international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund and World Bank. Ultimately the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative was launched to provide systematic debt relief for the poorest countries, whilst trying to ensure the money would be spent on poverty reduction.
The HIPC programme has been subject to conditionalities similar to those often attached to IMF and World Bank loans, requiring structural adjustment reforms, sometimes including the privatisation of public utilities, including water and electricity. To qualify for irrevocable debt relief, countries must also maintain macroeconomic stability and implement a Poverty Reduction Strategy satisfactorily for at least one year. Under the goal of reducing inflation, some countries have been pressured to reduce spending in the health and education sectors.
The Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) is an extension of HIPC. The MDRI was agreed following the G8's Gleneagles meeting in July 2005. It offers 100% cancellation of multilateral debts owed by HIPC countries to the World Bank, IMF and African Development Bank.
Origins
Debt relief existed in a number of ancient societies:
* Debt forgiveness is mentioned in the Book of Leviticus, in which God councils Moses to forgive debts in certain cases every Jubilee year – at the end of Shmita, the last year of the seven year agricultural cycle or a 49-year cycle, depending on interpretation.
* This same theme was found in an ancient bilingual Hittite-Hurrian text entitled the "The Song of Debt Release".[1]
* Debt forgiveness was also found in Ancient Athens, where in the 6th century BCE, the lawmaker Solon instituted a set of laws called seisachtheia, which canceled all debts and retroactively canceled previous debts that had caused slavery and serfdom, freeing debt slaves and debt serfs.
Arguments against debt relief
Opponents of debt relief argue that it is a blank cheque to governments, and fear savings will not reach the poor in countries plagued by corruption. Others argue that countries will go out and contract further debts, under the belief that these debts will also be forgiven in some future date. They use the money to enhance the wealth and spending ability of the rich, many of whom will spend or invest this money in the rich countries, thus not even creating a trickle-down effect. They argue that the money would be far better spent in specific aid projects which actually help the poor. They further argue that it would be unfair to third-world countries that managed their credit successfully, or don't go into debt in the first place, that is, it actively encourages third world governments to overspend in order to receive debt relief in the future. Others argue against the conditionalities attached to debt relief. These conditions of structural adjustment have a history, especially in Latin America, of widening the gap between the rich and the poor, as well as increasing economic dependence on the global North.
Personal debt relief
Personal debt has become an increasingly large problem in recent years. For instance, it is estimated that the average US household has $19,000 in non-mortgage debt. With such large debt loads, many individuals have difficulty making repayments on debts and are in need of help.
There are many companies who offer debt consolidation services. However, such services may not always be in the best interests of the person involved and may involve taking out a loan secured by a person's home. Marketing materials are designed to persuade customers to take up the company's offer rather than offering a personal best solution for reducing debt. Where debt has become a problem, it is often best to turn to an independent consumer's association for advice before calling debt consolidation companies as consumer's associations often have great experience with such problems and may be able to advise the most effective avenues for debt relief.
As long as some form of Chapter 7 bankruptcy debt relief exists within American law, the credit card companies must pay attention, and do as much as they can to help their clients repay debts through relatively traditional means (depending upon the service those clients have entered). Even leaving bankruptcy aside, it is in the best interest of credit card companies that their debtors at least feel some motivation to continue repaying their accounts and not simply disappear or view those ever growing balances as untouchable.
Debt consolidation help
Debt consolidation help :
Debt consolidation entails taking out one loan to pay off many others. This is often done to secure a lower interest rate, secure a fixed interest rate or for the convenience of servicing only one loan.
Debt consolidation can simply be from a number of unsecured loans into another unsecured loan, but more often it involves a secured loan against an asset that serves as collateral, most commonly a house. In this case, a mortgage is secured against the house. The collateralization of the loan allows a lower interest rate than without it, because by collateralizing, the asset owner agrees to allow the forced sale (foreclosure) of the asset to pay back the loan. The risk to the lender is reduced so the interest rate offered is lower.
Sometimes, debt consolidation companies can discount the amount of the loan. When the debtor is in danger of bankruptcy, the debt consolidator will buy the loan at a discount. A prudent debtor can shop around for consolidators who will pass along some of the savings. Consolidation can affect the ability of the debtor to discharge debts in bankruptcy, so the decision to consolidate must be weighed carefully.
Debt consolidation is often advisable in theory when someone is paying credit card debt. Credit cards can carry a much larger interest rate than even an unsecured loan from a bank. Debtors with property such as a home or car may get a lower rate through a secured loan using their property as collateral. Then the total interest and the total cash flow paid towards the debt is lower allowing the debt to be paid off sooner, incurring less interest.
Because of the theoretical advantage that debt consolidation offers a consumer that has high interest debt balances, companies can take advantage of that benefit of refinancing to charge very high fees in the debt consolidation loan. Sometimes these fees are near the state maximum for mortgage fees. In addition, some unscrupulous companies will knowingly wait until a client has backed themselves into a corner and must refinance in order to consolidate and pay off bills that they are behind on the payments. If the client does not refinance they may lose their house, so they are willing to pay any allowable fee to complete the debt consolidation. In some cases the situation is that the client does not have enough time to shop for another lender with lower fees and may not even be fully aware of them. This practice is known as predatory lending. Certainly many, if not most, debt consolidation transactions do not involve predatory lending.
Student loan consolidation
In the United States, federal student loans are consolidated somewhat differently than in the UK, as federal student loans are guaranteed by the U.S. government.
USA
In a federal student loan consolidation, existing loans are purchased and closed by a loan consolidation company or by the Department of Education (depending on what type of federal student loan the borrower holds). Interest rates for the consolidation are based on that year's student loan rate, which is in turn based on the 91-day Treasury bill rate at the last auction in May of each calendar year.[citation needed]
Student loan rates can fluctuate from the current low of 4.70% to a maximum of 8.25% for federal Stafford loans, 9% for PLUS loans.[citation needed] The current consolidation program allows students to consolidate once with a private lender, and reconsolidate again only with the Department of Education.[citation needed] Upon consolidation, a fixed interest rate is set based on the then-current interest rate. Reconsolidating does not change that rate. If the student combines loans of different types and rates into one new consolidation loan, a weighted average calculation will establish the appropriate rate based on the then-current interest rates of the different loans being consolidated together.
Federal student loan consolidation is often referred to as refinancing, which is incorrect because the loan rates are not changed, merely locked in. Unlike private sector debt consolidation, student loan consolidation does not incur any fees for the borrower; private companies make money on student loan consolidation by reaping subsidies from the federal government.
Student loan consolidation can be beneficial to students' credit rating, but it's important to note that not all federal student loan consolidation companies report their loans to all credit bureaus
UK
In the UK Student Loan entitlements are guaranteed, and are recovered using a means-tested system from the students future income. Student Loans in the UK can not be included in Bankruptcy, but do not affect a persons credit rating because the repayments are recovered from the students future salary at source by the employer before any income is paid, similar to Income Tax and National Insurance contributions. Many students however, are struggling with debt well after their courses have finished
The level of personal debt in the UK has also risen astonishingly in recent years:
"Total UK personal debt at the end of February 2008 stood at £1,421bn. The growth rate increased to 8.9% for the previous 12 months which equates to an increase of £111bn.
Debt consolidation vs loans
The multiple options available to consolidate ones debts can be quite confusing, credit counseling programs, debt settlement, debt consolidation loans, bankruptcy are just a few options available today. Trying to find the best option to suit your current financial situation can be a difficult task.
Typically, debt consolidation programs are debt repayment programs. They can consolidate most types of unsecured debts from major credit cards to personal and student loans. You choose the accounts you want to enter into the program when joining. Once enrolled, the company will contact your creditors to negotiate more favorable repayment terms on your accounts and possibly reducing your interest rates and it may even eliminate late fees. You will then send that company one lump sum payment monthly which they will disperse to the creditors you enrolled on your account when joining.
Most so called debt consolidation loans are just home equity loans in disguise. They use the equity built up in your current home loan and use it to repay all of your unsecured debts. These types of loan options usually come with heavy application fees and can greatly extend the amount of time it will take you to pay off those debts. These loans also convert all of your current unsecured debts into a secured debt which is now backed by your home. If you fall behind on your payments you could risk losing your property.
Debt consolidation entails taking out one loan to pay off many others. This is often done to secure a lower interest rate, secure a fixed interest rate or for the convenience of servicing only one loan.
Debt consolidation can simply be from a number of unsecured loans into another unsecured loan, but more often it involves a secured loan against an asset that serves as collateral, most commonly a house. In this case, a mortgage is secured against the house. The collateralization of the loan allows a lower interest rate than without it, because by collateralizing, the asset owner agrees to allow the forced sale (foreclosure) of the asset to pay back the loan. The risk to the lender is reduced so the interest rate offered is lower.
Sometimes, debt consolidation companies can discount the amount of the loan. When the debtor is in danger of bankruptcy, the debt consolidator will buy the loan at a discount. A prudent debtor can shop around for consolidators who will pass along some of the savings. Consolidation can affect the ability of the debtor to discharge debts in bankruptcy, so the decision to consolidate must be weighed carefully.
Debt consolidation is often advisable in theory when someone is paying credit card debt. Credit cards can carry a much larger interest rate than even an unsecured loan from a bank. Debtors with property such as a home or car may get a lower rate through a secured loan using their property as collateral. Then the total interest and the total cash flow paid towards the debt is lower allowing the debt to be paid off sooner, incurring less interest.
Because of the theoretical advantage that debt consolidation offers a consumer that has high interest debt balances, companies can take advantage of that benefit of refinancing to charge very high fees in the debt consolidation loan. Sometimes these fees are near the state maximum for mortgage fees. In addition, some unscrupulous companies will knowingly wait until a client has backed themselves into a corner and must refinance in order to consolidate and pay off bills that they are behind on the payments. If the client does not refinance they may lose their house, so they are willing to pay any allowable fee to complete the debt consolidation. In some cases the situation is that the client does not have enough time to shop for another lender with lower fees and may not even be fully aware of them. This practice is known as predatory lending. Certainly many, if not most, debt consolidation transactions do not involve predatory lending.
Student loan consolidation
In the United States, federal student loans are consolidated somewhat differently than in the UK, as federal student loans are guaranteed by the U.S. government.
USA
In a federal student loan consolidation, existing loans are purchased and closed by a loan consolidation company or by the Department of Education (depending on what type of federal student loan the borrower holds). Interest rates for the consolidation are based on that year's student loan rate, which is in turn based on the 91-day Treasury bill rate at the last auction in May of each calendar year.[citation needed]
Student loan rates can fluctuate from the current low of 4.70% to a maximum of 8.25% for federal Stafford loans, 9% for PLUS loans.[citation needed] The current consolidation program allows students to consolidate once with a private lender, and reconsolidate again only with the Department of Education.[citation needed] Upon consolidation, a fixed interest rate is set based on the then-current interest rate. Reconsolidating does not change that rate. If the student combines loans of different types and rates into one new consolidation loan, a weighted average calculation will establish the appropriate rate based on the then-current interest rates of the different loans being consolidated together.
Federal student loan consolidation is often referred to as refinancing, which is incorrect because the loan rates are not changed, merely locked in. Unlike private sector debt consolidation, student loan consolidation does not incur any fees for the borrower; private companies make money on student loan consolidation by reaping subsidies from the federal government.
Student loan consolidation can be beneficial to students' credit rating, but it's important to note that not all federal student loan consolidation companies report their loans to all credit bureaus
UK
In the UK Student Loan entitlements are guaranteed, and are recovered using a means-tested system from the students future income. Student Loans in the UK can not be included in Bankruptcy, but do not affect a persons credit rating because the repayments are recovered from the students future salary at source by the employer before any income is paid, similar to Income Tax and National Insurance contributions. Many students however, are struggling with debt well after their courses have finished
The level of personal debt in the UK has also risen astonishingly in recent years:
"Total UK personal debt at the end of February 2008 stood at £1,421bn. The growth rate increased to 8.9% for the previous 12 months which equates to an increase of £111bn.
Debt consolidation vs loans
The multiple options available to consolidate ones debts can be quite confusing, credit counseling programs, debt settlement, debt consolidation loans, bankruptcy are just a few options available today. Trying to find the best option to suit your current financial situation can be a difficult task.
Typically, debt consolidation programs are debt repayment programs. They can consolidate most types of unsecured debts from major credit cards to personal and student loans. You choose the accounts you want to enter into the program when joining. Once enrolled, the company will contact your creditors to negotiate more favorable repayment terms on your accounts and possibly reducing your interest rates and it may even eliminate late fees. You will then send that company one lump sum payment monthly which they will disperse to the creditors you enrolled on your account when joining.
Most so called debt consolidation loans are just home equity loans in disguise. They use the equity built up in your current home loan and use it to repay all of your unsecured debts. These types of loan options usually come with heavy application fees and can greatly extend the amount of time it will take you to pay off those debts. These loans also convert all of your current unsecured debts into a secured debt which is now backed by your home. If you fall behind on your payments you could risk losing your property.
cheap fioricet
cheap fioricet
About fioricet:
Fioricet and Esgic are brand name drugs made from a combination of butalbital (a barbiturate, 50 mg), acetaminophen (325 mg), and caffeine (40 mg). They are indicated for the treatment of tension headaches and muscle contraction headaches. Although not indicated, they are commonly used to treat migraines and other pain related ailments. Note that Fioricet (and some other pain medications) are implicated as causing repeat headaches with over-use (see NYT citation below)
Usage and dosage
Fioricet is indicated for the treatment of complex and muscle contraction headaches. It is also commonly prescribed for migraines although it is not FDA indicated for this use. The usual adult dose is 1-2 tablets every four hours as needed, not exceeding six tablets in a 24 hour period.
Mechanism of action
Butalbital has generalized depressant effect on central nervous system and, in very high doses, has peripheral effects. Acetaminophen has analgesic and antipyretic effects; its analgesic effects may be mediated through inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase enzyme complex. Caffeine is thought to produce constriction of cerebral blood vessels.
Butalbital has a half-life of about 35 hours. Acetaminophen has a half-life of about 1.25 to 3 hours, but may be increased by liver damage and after an overdose. Caffeine has a half-life of about 3 hours.
Side effects
Side effects for any drug are difficult to predict, but commonly reported side effects for Fioricet include:
* Dizziness
* Drowsiness
* Intoxicated feeling
* Light-headedness
* Nausea
* Vomiting
* Sedation
* Addiction
* Shortness of breath
* Abdominal pain
Variations
* Phrenilin is an equivalent combination of butalbital and acetaminophen, without the caffeine (325/50).
* Esgic Plus and Phrenilin Forte contains 500 and 650 miligrams of acetaminophen respectively, instead of 325 milligrams. Additionally, Esgic Plus contains 40 milligrams of caffeine.
* Fiorinal contains aspirin instead of acetaminophen.
* Fiorinal and Fioricet also come as combination drugs with codeine called Fiorinal with Codeine and Fioricet with Codeine, respectively, which add 30 milligrams of codeine phosphate to each mixture.
External links
* Fioricet - drugs.com
* Fiorinal & Fioricet - National Headache Foundation
* A Hidden Cause of Headache Pain - New York Times
About fioricet:
Fioricet and Esgic are brand name drugs made from a combination of butalbital (a barbiturate, 50 mg), acetaminophen (325 mg), and caffeine (40 mg). They are indicated for the treatment of tension headaches and muscle contraction headaches. Although not indicated, they are commonly used to treat migraines and other pain related ailments. Note that Fioricet (and some other pain medications) are implicated as causing repeat headaches with over-use (see NYT citation below)
Usage and dosage
Fioricet is indicated for the treatment of complex and muscle contraction headaches. It is also commonly prescribed for migraines although it is not FDA indicated for this use. The usual adult dose is 1-2 tablets every four hours as needed, not exceeding six tablets in a 24 hour period.
Mechanism of action
Butalbital has generalized depressant effect on central nervous system and, in very high doses, has peripheral effects. Acetaminophen has analgesic and antipyretic effects; its analgesic effects may be mediated through inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase enzyme complex. Caffeine is thought to produce constriction of cerebral blood vessels.
Butalbital has a half-life of about 35 hours. Acetaminophen has a half-life of about 1.25 to 3 hours, but may be increased by liver damage and after an overdose. Caffeine has a half-life of about 3 hours.
Side effects
Side effects for any drug are difficult to predict, but commonly reported side effects for Fioricet include:
* Dizziness
* Drowsiness
* Intoxicated feeling
* Light-headedness
* Nausea
* Vomiting
* Sedation
* Addiction
* Shortness of breath
* Abdominal pain
Variations
* Phrenilin is an equivalent combination of butalbital and acetaminophen, without the caffeine (325/50).
* Esgic Plus and Phrenilin Forte contains 500 and 650 miligrams of acetaminophen respectively, instead of 325 milligrams. Additionally, Esgic Plus contains 40 milligrams of caffeine.
* Fiorinal contains aspirin instead of acetaminophen.
* Fiorinal and Fioricet also come as combination drugs with codeine called Fiorinal with Codeine and Fioricet with Codeine, respectively, which add 30 milligrams of codeine phosphate to each mixture.
External links
* Fioricet - drugs.com
* Fiorinal & Fioricet - National Headache Foundation
* A Hidden Cause of Headache Pain - New York Times
Buy soma Online
Buy soma Online
Buying soma should be the easiest thing in the world. Keep in mind that buying soma online can often be deemed as a hassle. However, it is a much cheaper alternative than shopping for it at a brick and mortar pharmacy. When you buy soma online, you can to avoid many of the hassles that a genuine store will create – such as the queing, the expensive visits to the doctors (most of which know less than many a patient).
If you wish to buy soma online, then you have absolutely come to the right place. Here, we stock and sell only the highest quality fully approved Soma medications. To buy soma online, you must make sure you purchase from only reputable online stores, and not from backwater, or fly-by-night business operations that may be open one day and close the next.
The easiest way to ensure that you buy soma online at such a reputable store is always to ensure that your purchase is secure. When buying soma online, double check to ensure that there is a secure certificate when checking out.
Don’t just target to buy some online at the cheapest possible prices. There are many other considerations that one should take into account when buying soma online, of which only ONE of the considerations should be the pricing.
After all, these are medications that you will be putting into your body – does it not make sense to buy soma online where you can feel safe, and secure, and not just trying to save a few cents?
Here at 3amed we don’t neccessarily guarantee the LOWEST prices when you buy soma online here. We do however assure you that when you buy soma online with 3amed, you are purchasing at very competitive pricing, and most importantly, you are purchasing a 100% quality product that you can use and consume with full peace of mind.
More Articles have arrived!! Beat the Pain with Tramadol, Buying Tramadol Online, Is Tramadol Safe, Issues About Buying Pain Pills Online, Take Away the Pain With Medication, The Unique Pain Medication, Tramadol-Superb Analagesic, Tramadol Precautions, What Is Tramadol.
Want To Suppress Pain? Why Not Buy Tramadol
Probably the first question that you will be asking if Tramadol is really that effective when it comes to reducing pain. Of course if you are in pain, and you would like to be able to resolve this at the soonest time possible, you would be looking for the best option that would help you alleviate the problem.
Tramadol would be one of the leading medications that you will come across on your search, because this is one of the leading brands in the market today. The drug was then manufactured by a German company and was distributed to other companies around the world using different labels and different names. Tramadol is distributed in different formulations such as a medication and an injection.
This drug can easily kill pain. It is a narcotic drug which contains only a minimum amount of opium which can help in reducing pain effectively. If you are searching for immediate relief, this is one of the most effective medications you can get from your doctor and even from pharmacies if you have a normal prescription to avail of it.
You'll just have to look into some of the possible side effects that you may encounter if it is the first time that you'll be using this drug. You may experience a feeling of nausea, a light-headed feeling, and sometimes even having dry mouth would be one of its side effects. So, do not panic thinking that you have overdosed yourself after using it. As long as you are taking in the prescribed dosage given by your doctor, then it is safe.
Tramadol is one of the most effective pain relievers we have in the market today. If you buy Tramadol, what you are getting is worth the value of your money. It is tested to work to react with our body receptors and help suppress pain. So wither if you have mild pain issues or severe ones, you can definitely rely on this type of medication.
Always keep in mind that before you use a drug for certain medication, either if it is highly regarded in the market or not, you should ask a prescription from your doctor. It is not the drug that can actually cause problems but it is the dosage that does. If you have the right dosage needed to kill the pain, you will not have to worry about getting yourself overdosed by that medication that you are taking in.
Common Uses
Soma relaxes muscles and relieves pain and discomfort associated with strains, sprains, spasms or other muscle injuries. Muscle relaxers are for specific muscle injury and pain and should not be used for general body aches and pains. For more advice on types of drugs and their uses refer to numerous online resources on the web.
Before You Buy.
Do not take Carisoprodol if you have acute intermittent porphyria. Codeine is habit forming and should only be used under close supervision if you have an alcohol or drug addiction. Before taking this medication, tell your doctor if you have · kidney disease, · liver disease, · an ulcer in your stomach or intestines, · a bleeding or blood-clotting disorder, · urinary retention, · an enlarged prostate, · hypothyroidism, · a head injury, or · Addison's disease. You may not be able to take Carisoprodol, or you may require a lower dose or special monitoring during treatment if you have any of the conditions listed above. It is not known whether Soma will harm an unborn baby. Do not take it without first talking to your doctor if you are pregnant. It is also not known whether Soma / Carisoprodol passes into breast milk. Do not take the drug without first talking to your doctor if you are breast-feeding a baby. It is not approved for use in children younger than 12 years of age.
How to Use
Take Soma / Carisoprodol exactly as directed by your doctor. If you do not understand these directions, ask your pharmacist, nurse, or doctor to explain them to you. Take each dose with a full glass of water. The maximum amount you should take in one day is 1600 mg of Carisoprodol, 2600 mg of aspirin. Store at room temperature away from moisture and heat.
Precautions
Use caution when driving, operating machinery, or performing other hazardous activities. Soma / Carisoprodol may cause dizziness or drowsiness. If you experience dizziness or drowsiness, avoid these activities. Use alcohol cautiously. Alcohol may increase drowsiness and dizziness while you are taking this drug. Also, in combination with aspirin, alcohol can be very damaging to your stomach. Watch for bloody, black, or tarry stools or blood in your vomit. This could mean damage to your stomach. Never take more of this medication than is prescribed for you. If your pain is not being adequately treated, talk to your doctor
Side Effects
If you experience any of the following serious side effects, stop taking Soma / Carisoprodol and seek emergency medical attention: · an allergic reaction (difficulty breathing; closing of your throat; swelling of your lips, tongue, or face; or hives); · paralysis (loss of feeling) or extreme weakness; · vision loss; · agitation or tremor; · red, black, or bloody stools; or · blood in your vomit. Other, less serious side effects may be more likely to occur. Do not Continue to take Soma / Carisoprodol and talk to your doctor if you experience · drowsiness or dizziness; · headache; · depression; · blurred vision or small pupils; · insomnia; · hiccups; · faint ringing in the ears; or · nausea, vomiting, or constipation. Side effects other than those listed here may also occur. Talk to your doctor about any side effect that seems unusual or that is especially bothersome.
If You Take Too Much
Seek emergency medical attention. Symptoms of a Soma / Carisoprodol overdose include headache; ringing in the ears; dim vision, small pupils; nausea; vomiting; diarrhea; sweating; increased thirst; low blood pressure (weakness, fainting, confusion); decreased breathing; and unconsciousness.
Buying soma should be the easiest thing in the world. Keep in mind that buying soma online can often be deemed as a hassle. However, it is a much cheaper alternative than shopping for it at a brick and mortar pharmacy. When you buy soma online, you can to avoid many of the hassles that a genuine store will create – such as the queing, the expensive visits to the doctors (most of which know less than many a patient).
If you wish to buy soma online, then you have absolutely come to the right place. Here, we stock and sell only the highest quality fully approved Soma medications. To buy soma online, you must make sure you purchase from only reputable online stores, and not from backwater, or fly-by-night business operations that may be open one day and close the next.
The easiest way to ensure that you buy soma online at such a reputable store is always to ensure that your purchase is secure. When buying soma online, double check to ensure that there is a secure certificate when checking out.
Don’t just target to buy some online at the cheapest possible prices. There are many other considerations that one should take into account when buying soma online, of which only ONE of the considerations should be the pricing.
After all, these are medications that you will be putting into your body – does it not make sense to buy soma online where you can feel safe, and secure, and not just trying to save a few cents?
Here at 3amed we don’t neccessarily guarantee the LOWEST prices when you buy soma online here. We do however assure you that when you buy soma online with 3amed, you are purchasing at very competitive pricing, and most importantly, you are purchasing a 100% quality product that you can use and consume with full peace of mind.
More Articles have arrived!! Beat the Pain with Tramadol, Buying Tramadol Online, Is Tramadol Safe, Issues About Buying Pain Pills Online, Take Away the Pain With Medication, The Unique Pain Medication, Tramadol-Superb Analagesic, Tramadol Precautions, What Is Tramadol.
Want To Suppress Pain? Why Not Buy Tramadol
Probably the first question that you will be asking if Tramadol is really that effective when it comes to reducing pain. Of course if you are in pain, and you would like to be able to resolve this at the soonest time possible, you would be looking for the best option that would help you alleviate the problem.
Tramadol would be one of the leading medications that you will come across on your search, because this is one of the leading brands in the market today. The drug was then manufactured by a German company and was distributed to other companies around the world using different labels and different names. Tramadol is distributed in different formulations such as a medication and an injection.
This drug can easily kill pain. It is a narcotic drug which contains only a minimum amount of opium which can help in reducing pain effectively. If you are searching for immediate relief, this is one of the most effective medications you can get from your doctor and even from pharmacies if you have a normal prescription to avail of it.
You'll just have to look into some of the possible side effects that you may encounter if it is the first time that you'll be using this drug. You may experience a feeling of nausea, a light-headed feeling, and sometimes even having dry mouth would be one of its side effects. So, do not panic thinking that you have overdosed yourself after using it. As long as you are taking in the prescribed dosage given by your doctor, then it is safe.
Tramadol is one of the most effective pain relievers we have in the market today. If you buy Tramadol, what you are getting is worth the value of your money. It is tested to work to react with our body receptors and help suppress pain. So wither if you have mild pain issues or severe ones, you can definitely rely on this type of medication.
Always keep in mind that before you use a drug for certain medication, either if it is highly regarded in the market or not, you should ask a prescription from your doctor. It is not the drug that can actually cause problems but it is the dosage that does. If you have the right dosage needed to kill the pain, you will not have to worry about getting yourself overdosed by that medication that you are taking in.
Common Uses
Soma relaxes muscles and relieves pain and discomfort associated with strains, sprains, spasms or other muscle injuries. Muscle relaxers are for specific muscle injury and pain and should not be used for general body aches and pains. For more advice on types of drugs and their uses refer to numerous online resources on the web.
Before You Buy.
Do not take Carisoprodol if you have acute intermittent porphyria. Codeine is habit forming and should only be used under close supervision if you have an alcohol or drug addiction. Before taking this medication, tell your doctor if you have · kidney disease, · liver disease, · an ulcer in your stomach or intestines, · a bleeding or blood-clotting disorder, · urinary retention, · an enlarged prostate, · hypothyroidism, · a head injury, or · Addison's disease. You may not be able to take Carisoprodol, or you may require a lower dose or special monitoring during treatment if you have any of the conditions listed above. It is not known whether Soma will harm an unborn baby. Do not take it without first talking to your doctor if you are pregnant. It is also not known whether Soma / Carisoprodol passes into breast milk. Do not take the drug without first talking to your doctor if you are breast-feeding a baby. It is not approved for use in children younger than 12 years of age.
How to Use
Take Soma / Carisoprodol exactly as directed by your doctor. If you do not understand these directions, ask your pharmacist, nurse, or doctor to explain them to you. Take each dose with a full glass of water. The maximum amount you should take in one day is 1600 mg of Carisoprodol, 2600 mg of aspirin. Store at room temperature away from moisture and heat.
Precautions
Use caution when driving, operating machinery, or performing other hazardous activities. Soma / Carisoprodol may cause dizziness or drowsiness. If you experience dizziness or drowsiness, avoid these activities. Use alcohol cautiously. Alcohol may increase drowsiness and dizziness while you are taking this drug. Also, in combination with aspirin, alcohol can be very damaging to your stomach. Watch for bloody, black, or tarry stools or blood in your vomit. This could mean damage to your stomach. Never take more of this medication than is prescribed for you. If your pain is not being adequately treated, talk to your doctor
Side Effects
If you experience any of the following serious side effects, stop taking Soma / Carisoprodol and seek emergency medical attention: · an allergic reaction (difficulty breathing; closing of your throat; swelling of your lips, tongue, or face; or hives); · paralysis (loss of feeling) or extreme weakness; · vision loss; · agitation or tremor; · red, black, or bloody stools; or · blood in your vomit. Other, less serious side effects may be more likely to occur. Do not Continue to take Soma / Carisoprodol and talk to your doctor if you experience · drowsiness or dizziness; · headache; · depression; · blurred vision or small pupils; · insomnia; · hiccups; · faint ringing in the ears; or · nausea, vomiting, or constipation. Side effects other than those listed here may also occur. Talk to your doctor about any side effect that seems unusual or that is especially bothersome.
If You Take Too Much
Seek emergency medical attention. Symptoms of a Soma / Carisoprodol overdose include headache; ringing in the ears; dim vision, small pupils; nausea; vomiting; diarrhea; sweating; increased thirst; low blood pressure (weakness, fainting, confusion); decreased breathing; and unconsciousness.
Reduce Credit Card Debt
Reduce Credit Card Debt:
If you have a serious problem with credit card debt
I am going to include some tips which helps you:
1.step 1
Make a list of all of your credit cards. Start with the smallest balance on the top of the list and the largest balance on the bottom. Also write down the minimum payment that is due on the credit card at this time. Credit card minimum payments go down as the balance goes down which increases the payoff time exponentially.
2.
Step 2
Stop using your credit cards. If you cannot pay cash for an item, do not purchase it. You will never get out of credit card debt if you do not stop using your credit cards today. You can cut them up, freeze them, or shred them – whatever you think will help you stop using them.
3.
Step 3
Pay the current minimum payment on your account, or more, every month. As the balance goes down, and subsequently the minimum payment is reduced, do not reduce your minimum payment. This is one of the easiest ways to reduce your credit card debt.
4.
Step 4
Use unexpected income to boost your credit card payment. If you receive unexpected income, instead of considering it a ticket to splurge put the total amount of the unexpected income onto your smallest credit card balance. This will help expedite the card’s payoff thus reducing your overall credit card debt load.
5.
Step 5
Roll over the minimum payment from a credit card that has been paid off onto the next credit card in your list. If you have multiple credit card accounts, as one is paid off, apply that card’s minimum payment to the payment you are making on the next account. Your total monthly credit card payment remains the same however the payments are restructured. This will also quickly expedite your credit card payoff.
6.
Step 6
Consider liquidating certain savings account to pay off your credit card debt. Do not liquid retirement funds as the penalties are prohibitive. If, however, you have a savings account earning 1% interest, use a portion of those funds to pay down on a credit card charging a higher interest rate. Do not completely liquidate your savings as you will want access to non-credit card funds in the event of an emergency.
7.
Step 7
Track your progress in a visual manner. Put a pie chart up on your refrigerator and update it every month. As you see your progress daily, you will be more motivated to stay on track to reduce your credit card debt.
Here are some things you should know about getting off the revolving credit merry-go-round:
1. Pay more than the minimum payment each month, if you ever hope to pay off your credit card debt. You must also pay on time or a finance charge will be added onto the total, creating a larger minimum payment for the next month -- and a larger finance charge added to the total again if you don't pay it.
2. Get a system for credit card debt reduction. You need your own deadline each month for paying bills. There are great software programs for keeping track of your financial records (and even writing checks). Quicken, by Intuit, is a popular money-management program. So is Microsoft's Managing Your Money.
3. Negotiate with credit card companies. The amount of credit card debt in this country has made creditors realize that if they don't want people backing down from their obligations completely (in other words, if they want to get any money back), they have to make deals, like these:
Scenario One: You tell the company's collection department that you're having financial difficulties and need to have your interest rate lowered, simple as that. They say, "What can you manage?" You tell them. (I recently got one account to lower my rate to 10 percent and cut off future finance charges.)
Scenario Two: A credit card company has offered to pay off all your old credit card debt at nine percent if you switch. Call your old companies and tell them the deal you've been offered; ask if they can do better, and go with whichever is lowest.
4. If you have a limited budget for debt reduction, write letters to each of your creditors acknowledging the situation, and tell each one when you can begin repayment. They'll appreciate your openness and likely be a lot nicer to you. You'll get yourself some breathing space (something we all need when we're dug in deep), and dealing rather than hiding will help boost your bruised self-esteem.
5. If you have a limited budget for debt repayment, write down what you can pay each creditor each month.
Here's a sample budget:
Say you owe a total of $1,000: $200 to the dentist, $400 to the doctor, and $400 to the accountant who got you out of trouble with the IRS last year. That means 40 percent of your debt is to the doctor, 40 percent is to the accountant, and 20 percent is to the dentist. If you have $50 a month for repaying debt, that means the doctor gets 40 percent of $50, which is $20, as does the accountant. The dentist gets $10, or 20 percent of $50.
A final note on dealing with creditors: Keep your cool. It will make you feel better. And remember, some creditors have been taught to be mean and nasty. Don't be intimidated. You have figured out a plan and are truly attempting to deal with your situation.
If you have a serious problem with credit card debt
I am going to include some tips which helps you:
1.step 1
Make a list of all of your credit cards. Start with the smallest balance on the top of the list and the largest balance on the bottom. Also write down the minimum payment that is due on the credit card at this time. Credit card minimum payments go down as the balance goes down which increases the payoff time exponentially.
2.
Step 2
Stop using your credit cards. If you cannot pay cash for an item, do not purchase it. You will never get out of credit card debt if you do not stop using your credit cards today. You can cut them up, freeze them, or shred them – whatever you think will help you stop using them.
3.
Step 3
Pay the current minimum payment on your account, or more, every month. As the balance goes down, and subsequently the minimum payment is reduced, do not reduce your minimum payment. This is one of the easiest ways to reduce your credit card debt.
4.
Step 4
Use unexpected income to boost your credit card payment. If you receive unexpected income, instead of considering it a ticket to splurge put the total amount of the unexpected income onto your smallest credit card balance. This will help expedite the card’s payoff thus reducing your overall credit card debt load.
5.
Step 5
Roll over the minimum payment from a credit card that has been paid off onto the next credit card in your list. If you have multiple credit card accounts, as one is paid off, apply that card’s minimum payment to the payment you are making on the next account. Your total monthly credit card payment remains the same however the payments are restructured. This will also quickly expedite your credit card payoff.
6.
Step 6
Consider liquidating certain savings account to pay off your credit card debt. Do not liquid retirement funds as the penalties are prohibitive. If, however, you have a savings account earning 1% interest, use a portion of those funds to pay down on a credit card charging a higher interest rate. Do not completely liquidate your savings as you will want access to non-credit card funds in the event of an emergency.
7.
Step 7
Track your progress in a visual manner. Put a pie chart up on your refrigerator and update it every month. As you see your progress daily, you will be more motivated to stay on track to reduce your credit card debt.
Here are some things you should know about getting off the revolving credit merry-go-round:
1. Pay more than the minimum payment each month, if you ever hope to pay off your credit card debt. You must also pay on time or a finance charge will be added onto the total, creating a larger minimum payment for the next month -- and a larger finance charge added to the total again if you don't pay it.
2. Get a system for credit card debt reduction. You need your own deadline each month for paying bills. There are great software programs for keeping track of your financial records (and even writing checks). Quicken, by Intuit, is a popular money-management program. So is Microsoft's Managing Your Money.
3. Negotiate with credit card companies. The amount of credit card debt in this country has made creditors realize that if they don't want people backing down from their obligations completely (in other words, if they want to get any money back), they have to make deals, like these:
Scenario One: You tell the company's collection department that you're having financial difficulties and need to have your interest rate lowered, simple as that. They say, "What can you manage?" You tell them. (I recently got one account to lower my rate to 10 percent and cut off future finance charges.)
Scenario Two: A credit card company has offered to pay off all your old credit card debt at nine percent if you switch. Call your old companies and tell them the deal you've been offered; ask if they can do better, and go with whichever is lowest.
4. If you have a limited budget for debt reduction, write letters to each of your creditors acknowledging the situation, and tell each one when you can begin repayment. They'll appreciate your openness and likely be a lot nicer to you. You'll get yourself some breathing space (something we all need when we're dug in deep), and dealing rather than hiding will help boost your bruised self-esteem.
5. If you have a limited budget for debt repayment, write down what you can pay each creditor each month.
Here's a sample budget:
Say you owe a total of $1,000: $200 to the dentist, $400 to the doctor, and $400 to the accountant who got you out of trouble with the IRS last year. That means 40 percent of your debt is to the doctor, 40 percent is to the accountant, and 20 percent is to the dentist. If you have $50 a month for repaying debt, that means the doctor gets 40 percent of $50, which is $20, as does the accountant. The dentist gets $10, or 20 percent of $50.
A final note on dealing with creditors: Keep your cool. It will make you feel better. And remember, some creditors have been taught to be mean and nasty. Don't be intimidated. You have figured out a plan and are truly attempting to deal with your situation.
Online Criminal Justice Degree
Online Criminal Justice Degree:
The top Universities offering criminal jutice degree online are
1) University of Phoenix
The University of Phoenix first established in 1976 by Dr. John Sperling. Today the school offers more than 100 online associate's bachelor's master's and doctoral degrees. The school operates campuses in 40 U.S. states as well as Mexico Canada Chile... More»
* Associate of Arts in Criminal Justice
* Bachelor of Science in Organizational Security Management
* Bachelor of Science in Criminal Justice Administration
* Master of Science in Administration of Justice and Security
2) Kaplan University
Based in Davenport Iowa Kaplan University is owned by Kaplan Inc. which is a subsidiary of The Washington Post Company. The school originally started as the American Institute of Commerce in 1937 before the name changed to Quest College.... More»
* Management and Supervision Certificate in Criminal Justice
* Crime Scene Technician Certificate
* A.A.S. in Criminal Justice
* B.S. in International and Comparative Criminal Justice
* B.S. in Criminal Justice Administration and Management
3) Ashford University
Ashford University is regionally accredited by the Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. The school trumpets a combination of affordability convenience and accelerated learning. Online degrees at Ashford University are mostly business oriented but... More»
* BA/Social Science - Criminal Justice
* BA/Social and Criminal Justice
* BA/Organizational Management - Criminal Justice
4)Walden University
Walden University has a reputation as a quality institution of higher learning. The school offers a number of online degree options giving students considerable room to select a program best suited to their individual needs interests and career goals. Some... More»
* B.S. in Criminal Justice - Crime and Criminals
* B.S. in Criminal Justice - Criminal Justice Management and Administration
5)American InterContinental University Online
The American InterContinental University Online is an extension of the American InterContinental University which features campuses in Atlanta Los Angeles Houston South Florida and London. AIU Online earned accreditation from the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges... More»
* Associate of Arts in Business Administration (AABA) - Criminal Justice Administration
* Bachelor of Science in Criminal Justice - Law Enforcement
* Bachelor of Science in Criminal Justice (BSCJ) - Special Populations
Top Online Criminal Justice Degree Information
Criminal Justice Online Journals
A helpful resource for academic research and study of criminal justice are criminal justice journals, which can be found and studied online. Some of these include the "Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice", "Criminology and Criminal Justice", "Applied Psychology in Criminal Justice" and "The Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture". Students can simply go to the journal's online page and register with the website to access valuable criminal justice information and research material.
Other Criminal Justice Related Journals
* Western Society of Criminology Journal
* University of Pennsylvania - Journal of Constitutional Law
* Oxford - British Journal of Criminology
Criminal Justice Research Tools
Other tools for researching criminal justice information include: The National Academies Press, which offers thousands of books, including criminal justice texts that can be read online, The Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR), headquartered at the University of Michigan, which provides access to a massive database of social science research and analysis and the American Society of Criminal Justice, one of the leading criminal justice professional organizations in the country.
Criminal Justice Articles And Databases
In some cases, articles on a specific aspect of criminal justice will be required. These articles should also be accessible in the school's library to be searched by topic, author or article title. "Criminal Justice Magazine," an American Bar Association publication, is also a good student resource for information about criminal justice articles. In addition to your school's general library database and the law library database, the National Criminal Justice Reference Service can be an important resource for research material. Students can reference article abstracts by title, subject, author and journal name from the NCJRS Library/Abstracts page.
Recent Articles
* Attorney general defends actions in investigation of affair between judge, DA (dallasnews.com)
* Criminal justice solutions not easy to come by (wausaudailyherald.com)
* Another Innocent Man, Another Wake-up Call for the Criminal Justice System (huffingtonpost.com)
* Department of Justice Observes National Day of Remembrance For Murder Victims (marketwatch.com)
* Suicidal driver a model of bias in justice system (suntimes.com)
Criminal Justice Books
In order to advance in the field of criminal justice, students must study a variety of texts. Here are a few recommended books:
* Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century (Frank Schmalleger)
* Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, Student Study Guide (Steve Chermack)
* Introduction to Criminal Justice (Larry J. Siegel, Joseph J. Senna)
* Criminal Justice in America (George F. Cole, Christopher E. Smith)
* Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents (John Randolph Fuller)
* Juvenile Delinquency: Mainstream and Crosscurrents (John Randolph Fuller)
The top Universities offering criminal jutice degree online are
1) University of Phoenix
The University of Phoenix first established in 1976 by Dr. John Sperling. Today the school offers more than 100 online associate's bachelor's master's and doctoral degrees. The school operates campuses in 40 U.S. states as well as Mexico Canada Chile... More»
* Associate of Arts in Criminal Justice
* Bachelor of Science in Organizational Security Management
* Bachelor of Science in Criminal Justice Administration
* Master of Science in Administration of Justice and Security
2) Kaplan University
Based in Davenport Iowa Kaplan University is owned by Kaplan Inc. which is a subsidiary of The Washington Post Company. The school originally started as the American Institute of Commerce in 1937 before the name changed to Quest College.... More»
* Management and Supervision Certificate in Criminal Justice
* Crime Scene Technician Certificate
* A.A.S. in Criminal Justice
* B.S. in International and Comparative Criminal Justice
* B.S. in Criminal Justice Administration and Management
3) Ashford University
Ashford University is regionally accredited by the Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. The school trumpets a combination of affordability convenience and accelerated learning. Online degrees at Ashford University are mostly business oriented but... More»
* BA/Social Science - Criminal Justice
* BA/Social and Criminal Justice
* BA/Organizational Management - Criminal Justice
4)Walden University
Walden University has a reputation as a quality institution of higher learning. The school offers a number of online degree options giving students considerable room to select a program best suited to their individual needs interests and career goals. Some... More»
* B.S. in Criminal Justice - Crime and Criminals
* B.S. in Criminal Justice - Criminal Justice Management and Administration
5)American InterContinental University Online
The American InterContinental University Online is an extension of the American InterContinental University which features campuses in Atlanta Los Angeles Houston South Florida and London. AIU Online earned accreditation from the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges... More»
* Associate of Arts in Business Administration (AABA) - Criminal Justice Administration
* Bachelor of Science in Criminal Justice - Law Enforcement
* Bachelor of Science in Criminal Justice (BSCJ) - Special Populations
Top Online Criminal Justice Degree Information
Criminal Justice Online Journals
A helpful resource for academic research and study of criminal justice are criminal justice journals, which can be found and studied online. Some of these include the "Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice", "Criminology and Criminal Justice", "Applied Psychology in Criminal Justice" and "The Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture". Students can simply go to the journal's online page and register with the website to access valuable criminal justice information and research material.
Other Criminal Justice Related Journals
* Western Society of Criminology Journal
* University of Pennsylvania - Journal of Constitutional Law
* Oxford - British Journal of Criminology
Criminal Justice Research Tools
Other tools for researching criminal justice information include: The National Academies Press, which offers thousands of books, including criminal justice texts that can be read online, The Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR), headquartered at the University of Michigan, which provides access to a massive database of social science research and analysis and the American Society of Criminal Justice, one of the leading criminal justice professional organizations in the country.
Criminal Justice Articles And Databases
In some cases, articles on a specific aspect of criminal justice will be required. These articles should also be accessible in the school's library to be searched by topic, author or article title. "Criminal Justice Magazine," an American Bar Association publication, is also a good student resource for information about criminal justice articles. In addition to your school's general library database and the law library database, the National Criminal Justice Reference Service can be an important resource for research material. Students can reference article abstracts by title, subject, author and journal name from the NCJRS Library/Abstracts page.
Recent Articles
* Attorney general defends actions in investigation of affair between judge, DA (dallasnews.com)
* Criminal justice solutions not easy to come by (wausaudailyherald.com)
* Another Innocent Man, Another Wake-up Call for the Criminal Justice System (huffingtonpost.com)
* Department of Justice Observes National Day of Remembrance For Murder Victims (marketwatch.com)
* Suicidal driver a model of bias in justice system (suntimes.com)
Criminal Justice Books
In order to advance in the field of criminal justice, students must study a variety of texts. Here are a few recommended books:
* Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century (Frank Schmalleger)
* Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, Student Study Guide (Steve Chermack)
* Introduction to Criminal Justice (Larry J. Siegel, Joseph J. Senna)
* Criminal Justice in America (George F. Cole, Christopher E. Smith)
* Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents (John Randolph Fuller)
* Juvenile Delinquency: Mainstream and Crosscurrents (John Randolph Fuller)
Online Casino
Online Casino:
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* Daily promotions, events and prize giveaways
* Customer Support 24/7 - live chat, phone, & email
* Download and no download casino games available
* Cutting-edge, industry-acclaimed software
* Now with more than 35 games to play!
* Featuring classic, progressive, multi-line and video slots!
* That great Vegas experience - anywhere in the world!
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1. Members that made a first deposit at 21.com prior to making a first deposit at Casino-on-Net will not be eligible for the Welcome Bonus at Casino-on-Net.
2. The terms Initial Deposit Welcome Bonus, First Deposit Bonus, Match Up Bonus and First Time Bonus all refer to the same Welcome Bonus.
*- Subject to the relevant terms that apply to specific offers.
- For our Members in Finland, Moldova, Poland, Russia, Sweden, Ukraine
Estonia, Hungary, Thailand,Czech Republic, Brazil, Singapore,and Taiwan
Welcome Bonuses may be Cashed Out only after an amount totaling no less than 50
times the Bonus amount has been wagered.
-The Welcome Bonus will not be available to members registered,
logging in from or depositing from China.
For more information about this offer, click here.
-PLEASE NOTE: All monetary amounts referred to herein this bonus policy
are in US Dollars. Where players receive any bonus in currencies other
than US Dollars, such bonus amounts shall be given to players based on the
US Dollar amount according to the relevant daily exchange rate.
2. Members receiving Eight magazine trivia game bonus may Cash Out their Bonus amount only after an amount totaling no less than 15 times the Bonus amount has been wagered.
3. All Invite a Friend Bonuses may be Cashed Out only after an amount totaling no less than 20 times the Bonus amount has been wagered.
4. All 888-Day Bonuses ($88 Bonus) may be Cashed Out only after an amount totaling no less than 20 times the Bonus amount has been wagered.
5. Members receiving Happy Hour Bonuses may Cash Out their Bonus amount only after an amount totaling no less than 20 times the Bonus amount has been wagered.
6. All Welcome Bonuses, 888-Day Bonuses ($88 Bonus) and Happy Hour Bonuses received via funds Deposited by NETELLER may be Cashed Out only after an amount totaling no less than 50 times the Bonus amount has been wagered.
7. All other Casino-on-Net Bonuses may be Cashed Out only after an amount totaling no less than two (2) times* the Bonus amount received has been wagered - for example a Member must wager $100, before Cashing Out a Bonus totaling $50.
1. Bonus Points accumulated via low-risk wagering in Wild Wheel, Roulette, Baccarat and Craps bets will not be eligible for any of our events and will not be calculated as a valid wager with regard to Casino-on-Net's Bonus Policy Cash Out requirements.
8. Casino-on-Net's Bonus Policy applies to all event or promotion funds received in excess of regular payouts.
9. All Bonuses and promotional offers extended to Members must be wagered at Casino-on-Net within 90 days of being credited to a Member's Account or within the period specified in the notification of a promotional offer if different. Casino-on-Net reserves the right, at its sole discretion and at a time of it's choosing, to revoke any Bonuses and promotional offers, or any parts thereof, not used by a Member within the relevant time period.
10. Casino-on-Net reserves the right to withhold the amount of any Bonus from a Member's Cash Out.
11. In the event of abuse, Casino-on-Net reserves the right to discontinue the Member's Casino-on-Net Membership and to prevent the Member from accessing the Casino in the future.
12. This Policy has been drafted in the English language. In the event of any discrepancy between the meanings of any translated versions of this Policy and the English language version, the meaning of the English language version shall prevail.
The Online casino is the web leading free online casino at online.casino.com
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* Choose your play - real money or free casino games!
* Practice to your heart's content; unlimited free gaming
* Daily promotions, events and prize giveaways
* Customer Support 24/7 - live chat, phone, & email
* Download and no download casino games available
* Cutting-edge, industry-acclaimed software
* Now with more than 35 games to play!
* Featuring classic, progressive, multi-line and video slots!
* That great Vegas experience - anywhere in the world!
The bonus provided by online casino:
1. All new Members will receive a Welcome Bonus, upon their first Deposit to their Casino-on-Net Account. Cassava reserves the right to limit the Welcome Bonus to (i) one bonus per household or (ii) one bonus per computer terminal. The Welcome Bonus shall be limited to one Bonus per household. This Welcome Bonus and any accumulated winnings may be Cashed Out only after an amount totaling no less than 20 times* the Bonus amount has been wagered - for example, a Member must wager $1000, before Cashing Out a Welcome Bonus totaling $50 and any accumulated winnings.
1. Members that made a first deposit at 21.com prior to making a first deposit at Casino-on-Net will not be eligible for the Welcome Bonus at Casino-on-Net.
2. The terms Initial Deposit Welcome Bonus, First Deposit Bonus, Match Up Bonus and First Time Bonus all refer to the same Welcome Bonus.
*- Subject to the relevant terms that apply to specific offers.
- For our Members in Finland, Moldova, Poland, Russia, Sweden, Ukraine
Estonia, Hungary, Thailand,Czech Republic, Brazil, Singapore,and Taiwan
Welcome Bonuses may be Cashed Out only after an amount totaling no less than 50
times the Bonus amount has been wagered.
-The Welcome Bonus will not be available to members registered,
logging in from or depositing from China.
For more information about this offer, click here.
-PLEASE NOTE: All monetary amounts referred to herein this bonus policy
are in US Dollars. Where players receive any bonus in currencies other
than US Dollars, such bonus amounts shall be given to players based on the
US Dollar amount according to the relevant daily exchange rate.
2. Members receiving Eight magazine trivia game bonus may Cash Out their Bonus amount only after an amount totaling no less than 15 times the Bonus amount has been wagered.
3. All Invite a Friend Bonuses may be Cashed Out only after an amount totaling no less than 20 times the Bonus amount has been wagered.
4. All 888-Day Bonuses ($88 Bonus) may be Cashed Out only after an amount totaling no less than 20 times the Bonus amount has been wagered.
5. Members receiving Happy Hour Bonuses may Cash Out their Bonus amount only after an amount totaling no less than 20 times the Bonus amount has been wagered.
6. All Welcome Bonuses, 888-Day Bonuses ($88 Bonus) and Happy Hour Bonuses received via funds Deposited by NETELLER may be Cashed Out only after an amount totaling no less than 50 times the Bonus amount has been wagered.
7. All other Casino-on-Net Bonuses may be Cashed Out only after an amount totaling no less than two (2) times* the Bonus amount received has been wagered - for example a Member must wager $100, before Cashing Out a Bonus totaling $50.
1. Bonus Points accumulated via low-risk wagering in Wild Wheel, Roulette, Baccarat and Craps bets will not be eligible for any of our events and will not be calculated as a valid wager with regard to Casino-on-Net's Bonus Policy Cash Out requirements.
8. Casino-on-Net's Bonus Policy applies to all event or promotion funds received in excess of regular payouts.
9. All Bonuses and promotional offers extended to Members must be wagered at Casino-on-Net within 90 days of being credited to a Member's Account or within the period specified in the notification of a promotional offer if different. Casino-on-Net reserves the right, at its sole discretion and at a time of it's choosing, to revoke any Bonuses and promotional offers, or any parts thereof, not used by a Member within the relevant time period.
10. Casino-on-Net reserves the right to withhold the amount of any Bonus from a Member's Cash Out.
11. In the event of abuse, Casino-on-Net reserves the right to discontinue the Member's Casino-on-Net Membership and to prevent the Member from accessing the Casino in the future.
12. This Policy has been drafted in the English language. In the event of any discrepancy between the meanings of any translated versions of this Policy and the English language version, the meaning of the English language version shall prevail.
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